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Publicación Temporal neural dynamics of the competition between extrinsic and intrinsic grouping principles in vision: An ERP study(ELSEVIER, 2025-02-15) Montoro Martínez, Pedro Raúl; Villalba García, Cristina; Albert, Jacobo; Prieto Lara, Antonio; Hinojosa, José Antonio A.Previous research has explored the brain correlates of perceptual grouping but, to our knowledge, no preceding study has investigated the neural dynamics of the competition between intrinsic and extrinsic grouping principles in vision. The present event-related potentials (ERPs) study aimed at characterizing the temporal neural dynamics of the direct competition between extrinsic (i.e., common region) and intrinsic (i.e., shape similarity) grouping cues. In separated blocks, participants selectively attended and responded to perceptual clusters based on one of the two grouping cues pitted against each other in a competing condition, which was compared to a uniform, non-grouped condition. Behavioural results indicated larger interference effect of common region over shape similarity cues when both grouping principles competed against each other, supporting a processing dominance of common region. Applying a temporo-spatial principal component analysis (PCA), our ERP data showed four main neural correlates related to perceptual grouping and competition between grouping cues: (1) an enhanced central-posterior N195 associated with perceptual dominance of common region cues during the visual analysis of perceptual grouping; (2) an enhanced posterior P245 presumably reflecting higher confidence in perceptual decisions linked to common region grouping; (3) a posterior P400 possibly indexing the differential allocation of attentional resources related to higher processing efficiency of common region cues; and (4) a P550 that seems to be related to top-down suppression activity for the termination of the current trial.Publicación Optimization of heat engines with fixed heat fluxes at the hot or the cold side(Springer, 2025-05-16) Fernández Sánchez, Julio JuanWe use the low dissipation model to optimize the power of heat engines in which the total amount of energy taken from the hot reservoir is kept fixed while the total amount of energy dissipated to the cold reservoir is optimizable. Then, we optimize heat engines working while they reject fixed amounts of energy to the cold reservoir. We find that under these operating conditions, the maximum power and efficiency at maximum power are different from those of thermal engines that are optimized without imposing restrictions. For both working situations, we analyze the effect that small perturbations changing the value of the fixed heat (on the hot or cold side) have on the heat engine work, efficiency, and power.Publicación Automatic Generation and Easy Deployment of Digitized Laboratories(IEEE, 2020-12-01) Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Neustock, Lars Thorben; Herring, George K.; Chacon, Jesus; García Clemente, Félix J.; Hesselink, LambertusThis article presents a general way to enable automatic generation of digitized laboratories (a sort of digital twin for laboratory experimental setups) from remote laboratories and their easy deployment and publication. To demonstrate its effectiveness, we use two existing tools to generate and publish two digitized laboratories online from two implementations of a Snell's law remote laboratory, although they could be applied to many other remote laboratories. The first of these tools is a communication protocol that was designed to manipulate laboratory equipment through the Internet. This protocol can be used to automatically loop through different possible laboratory states and store them. The second one is a web platform that allows uploading files, that contain data sets of the laboratory states, to publish the digitized laboratory as a web application that is generated automatically.Publicación A Study of Strategies for Developing Online Laboratories(IEEE, 2021-12-01) Sáenz Valiente, Jacobo; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Chacón Sombría, Jesús; Dormido Canto, SebastiánResearchers and teachers around the world have created newsoftware and hardware to develop, reuse, and deploy online laboratories (labs). However, due to the nature of labs, most of the available solutions depend greatly on where and how online labs can be used in the first place. Thus, there have been multiple design solutions and great technology combinations. In this study, we analyzed and studied the main obstacles in the online lab development and the alternatives of the technologies, means, methodologies, and approaches on creating online labs. The resulting analysis showed the advantages, disadvantages, and problems of each key component and attempted to explore the working combinations that ensure the usability, modularity, universality, accessibility, and reliability of online labs. In addition, we explored a general solution to take advantage of the benefits of the technologies involved in online labs and to fix or reduce the impacts of the arising problems when developing and deploying online labs.Publicación The impact of take-home laboratories on student perceptions of conceptual and professional learning in electronic engineering across four European universities(Taylor & Francis, 2024-09-27) O’Mahony, Tom; Hilla, Martin; Onet, Raul; Neag, Marius; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Zhou, DaoResearch exploring the advantages and limitations of different laboratory modes on student learning is critical so that engineering instructors can design hybrid/blended laboratories to maximise student learning. However, limited research explores the impact of take-home laboratories on student learning. This article documents the impact that the "HELP" take-home laboratory had on student perceptions of conceptual and professional learning across four European universities within the discipline of electronic engineering. Impact was evaluated through a student questionnaire that included Likert-scale and open-ended questions and was completed by 74 participants. The research extends what is known by revealing how take-home laboratories supported student understanding. Participants report that having flexible access and more time to build and test real circuits enhanced their understanding. Participants also reported that take-home laboratories supported the development of specific professional skills. Based on the student perspective, an implication of this research is that take-home laboratories can legitimately complement other laboratory modalities.Publicación Evidence-Based Control Engineering Education: Evaluating the LCSD Simulation Tool(IEEE, 2020-09-25) Marin, Loreto; Vargas, Héctor; Heradio Gil, Rubén; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Díaz Martínez, José Manuel; Dormido Canto, SebastiánThe advance in control engineering education needs well-designed studies that validate what methods and tools work best. This paper addresses the lack of empirical evidence supporting innovations in control engineering education by proposing a methodology that works at different abstraction levels. Hence, innovations' impact on students' performance can be statistically analyzed either globally or locally by examining competencies or fine-grained indicators, respectively. The article reports the application of the methodology for evaluating an interactive simulation tool, named LCSD, on 101 students at the Pontifical Catholic University of Valparaiso in Chile. According to the experimental results, LCSD is an effective free alternative to enhance the student's skills on control system analysis for our automatic control course. Also, some improvements have been identified for future LCSD versions.Publicación Secure and Private Internet of Things for Industry, Training, and Homes: A Communications Solution for Connected Devices(IEEE, 2023-09-01) Sánchez Herrera, María Reyes; Márquez, Marco; Torre Cubillo, Luis de laWe are currently living in the era of the Internet of Things (IoT) [1], which has been fostered by the electronic and communications revolution that happened in recent decades. The already great number of devices connected is continuously increasing, while their size and energy consumption keep decreasing. These IoT devices offer network interfaces that allow the interaction between a user/manager and the device through the network. These interfaces are usually developed by the manufacturers, and so, they constitute a private software interface (PSI). Within the IoT, a great variety of devices, such as, for example, appliances and other electric equipment, are publicly accessed. The essence of the IoT’s structure is presented in Figure 1, where appliances are accessible through a smartphone and their local area network (LAN). This basic architecture has been used in older IoT works such as [2]. To get this accessibility, the user must first register in a cloud, which is usually run by the manufacturer of the appliance, meaning that the management of the data is completely unknown for the end user in most cases. This lack of privacy does not dissuade people from using those devices (in many cases, because the only alternative is to not use such a device at all), but also, nowadays, people manage a large part of their professional, personal, and leisure information through the Internet [3], within a cloud (cloud computing) [4].Publicación Control education for societal-scale challenges: A community roadmap(ELSEVIER, 2023-03-17) Rossiter, John Anthony; Cassandras, Christos G.; Hespanha, João; Dormido Canto, Sebastián; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Ranade, Gireeja; Visioli, Antonio; Hedengren, John; Murray, Richard M.; Antsaklis, Panos; Lamnabhi Lagarrigue, Francoise; Parisini, ThomasThis article focuses on extending, disseminating and interpreting the findings of an IEEE Control Systems Society working group looking at the role of control theory and engineering in solving some of the many current and future societal challenges. The findings are interpreted in a manner designed to give focus and direction to both future education and research work in the general control theory and engineering arena, interpreted in the broadest sense. The paper is intended to promote discussion in the community and also provide a useful starting point for colleagues wishing to re-imagine the design and delivery of control-related topics in our education systems, especially at the tertiary level and beyond.Publicación Scalable Hybrid Laboratories: Application in Industrial Automation(ELSEVIER, 2025-05-27) Vilches, Marco; Vargas, Héctor; Torre Cubillo, Luis de la; Heradio Gil, RubénSome of the most critical competencies that automation and control students must acquire to become capable engineers require hands-on laboratory expe- riences under conditions that closely resemble real-world work environments. However, current practical laboratories often face challenges in recreating re- alistic and scalable industrial contexts, making it difficult to develop these competencies. This article presents the development and implementation of a hybrid laboratory proposal to address these challenges. The prototype, de- signed for training automation engineers, integrates real control devices with simulated digital replicas of processes, allowing the scalability of the system to address a wide variety of industry-like scenarios. The general design, its physical and virtual implementation, the communication of its components, and the installation and operation context are detailed. The article concludes with the potential advantages and benefits of the hybrid laboratory from an academic teaching perspective, the training of industry professionals, and the technical optimization of the engineering problem addressed.Publicación ¿Puede registrarse una obra creada con Inteligencia Artificial?(Colegio Notarial de Madrid, 2024-03) Caballero Trenado, Laura Mª; Domínguez García, ConcepciónLa originalidad y la intervención de la persona natural en la actividad creativa son los elementos basilares que ordenan la propiedad intelectual -une créa¬tion du droit-¬ (Bergé, 2015) (8). Pero la irrupción de la IA generativa capaz de emular el comportamiento humano permite orillar este elemento, hasta ahora incuestionable en la atribución de derechos autorales. Es precisamente la posibilidad de esta ausencia en la generación de contenidos lo que plantea un reto indeclinable para los Registros, cuya función primordial es dar publicidad de la existencia y titularidad de las obras fruto del intelecto humano. A propósito de la primera denegación de solicitud de registro de una obra creada por ChatGPT reflexionamos si es suficiente una redefinición del papel de estos instrumentos tuitivos o acaso hay que reformular los fundamentos del sistema.Publicación Reseña de Manual de "Derecho Digital, 3ª Edición" de Moisés Barrio Andrés(Notyreg Hispania SL., 2025-01) Caballero Trenado, Laura MªLa tercera edición de Manual de Derecho digital, de Moisés Barrio Andrés, es un Tratado proverbial en el que el autor, un primus inter pares en esta disciplina, cartografía el nuevo mundo digital. Alambrado de indefinición, el Derecho digital se entroniza en el magisterio paciente, ilustrativo, pedagógico y revelador del profesor Barrio Andrés al emerger ex novo con llamaradas de erudición, y constituye ya una parte consustancial del Derecho que disciplina el marco tecnológico presente y futuro. Esta nueva edición es un formidable “haz de luz” o, si se prefiere, una potente brújula en la que, con nuevas coordenadas, el autor ilumina de manera ordenada y precisa la nueva hoja de ruta que traza el Derecho digital. En otras palabras, una entrega que responde al compromiso adquirido desde hace años con sus lectores, al que el autor condesciende con denuedo, pues hay que recordar que son ya más de diez monografías especializadas publicadas sobre esta materia. Planteada en el esquema de las investigaciones brillantes “interpretación, sistema y crítica”, la obra es una propuesta de lege ferenda que se cimenta en torno a catorce capítulos en los que el autor aborda cuestiones novedosas y complejas que suscita el Derecho digital y que apremian el debate y la reflexión jurídico-política. En el epicentro que ahorma esta nueva edición se sitúa la irrupción de la artificial generativa, que abre paso a “una nueva etapa en la evolución de Internet” (BARRIO: 2022: 27), lo que implica un cambio de paradigma y anticipa un escenario de incertidumbre que precisa de un instrumento sistemático y ontológico que facilite una comprensión global de este desafío sin precedente, de ahí el carácter indispensable de este Manual.Publicación Mujeres en la literatura: ¿ser o no ser (soltera)?(The Conversation Spain Association, 2025-05-20) Gómez Galisteo, Carmen; 0000-0003-2580-9095Publicación Cerebral ischemia detection using Deep Learning techniques(Springer, 2025-05-20) Pastor Vargas, Rafael; Antón‑Munárriz, Cristina; Haut, Juan M.; Robles Gómez, Antonio; Paoletti, Mercedes E.; Benítez Andrades, José Alberto; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4089-9538Cerebrovascular accident (CVA), commonly known as stroke, stands as a significant contributor to contemporary mortality and morbidity rates, often leading to lasting disabilities. Early identification is crucial in mitigating its impact and reducing mortality. Non-contrast computed tomography (NCCT) remains the primary diagnostic tool in stroke emergencies due to its speed, accessibility, and cost-effectiveness. NCCT enables the exclusion of hemorrhage and directs attention to ischemic causes resulting from arterial flow obstruction. Quantification of NCCT findings employs the Alberta Stroke Program Early Computed Tomography Score (ASPECTS), which evaluates affected brain structures. This study seeks to identify early alterations in NCCT density in patients with stroke symptoms using a binary classifier distinguishing NCCT scans with and without stroke. To achieve this, various well-known deep learning architectures, namely VGG3D, ResNet3D, and DenseNet3D, validated in the ImageNet challenges, are implemented with 3D images covering the entire brain volume. The training results of these networks are presented, wherein diverse parameters are examined for optimal performance. The DenseNet3D network emerges as the most effective model, attaining a training set accuracy of 98% and a test set accuracy of 95%. The aim is to alert medical professionals to potential stroke cases in their early stages based on NCCT findings displaying altered density patterns.Publicación Prueba código proyecto(2025) Valle, Genaro delPublicación A tiered next-generation risk assessment framework integrating toxicokinetics and NAM-based toxicodynamics: “proof of concept” case study using pyrethroids(Springer, 2025-05-07) Fernandez Agudo, Ana; Tarazona, JoseNew Approach Methodologies (NAMs) in Next-Generation Risk Assessment (NGRA), integrating toxicokinetics (TK) with toxicodynamics (TD), provides an accurate evaluation of combined chemical exposures. This study assesses pyrethroids, which pose regulatory challenges due to their widespread use and cumulative exposure risks. A tiered NGRA framework was compared with conventional risk assessment (RA) to evaluate regulatory applicability. In Tier 1, ToxCast data established gene and tissue bioactivity indicators, facilitating hypothesis-driven hazard identification. Tier 2 examined combined risk assessments, rejecting the hypothesis of the same mode of action and highlighting inconsistencies in in vitro data and NOAEL/ADI correlations. Tier 3 applied Margin of Exposure (MoE) analysis and TK modeling to realistic exposure estimations for risk assessment screening based on internal doses, identifying tissue-specific pathways as critical risk drivers. Tier 4 refined bioactivity indicators using TK approaches to improve the NAM-based effect assessment, including an in vitro vs. in vivo comparison, with coherent results based on interstitial concentrations, though intracellular estimations remained uncertain. Tier 5 confirmed that dietary exposure in healthy adults is close to but below levels of concern, with bioactivity MoE values remaining below concern thresholds, and in vivo MoEs within the standard safety factors. Nevertheless, the MoEs are insufficient for addressing the additional non-dietary exposure expected from other pyrethroid uses such as biocides or pharmaceuticals. Results demonstrate that NGRA with TK-NAM-based TD offers a nuanced, regulatory-relevant framework for risk assessment. The proposed approach integrates the information on individual pyrethroids using bioactivity indicators; and the re-assessment of regulatory toxicity studies to select organ-relevant NOAELs allowed an improved in vitro-in vivo comparison, demonstrating the capacity of bioactivity-based MoEs for combined exposure assessments. This tiered approach provides key insights for regulatory decision-making, establishing a robust model for evaluating pyrethroids and similar chemical classes.Publicación Colorimetric Molecularly Imprinted Polymer-Based Sensors for Rapid Detection of Organic Compounds: A Review(MDPI, 2025-05-04) Bravo Yagüe, Juan Carlos; Paniagua González, Gema; Garcinuño, Rosa María; García Mayo, Asunción; Fernández Hernando, Pilar; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9961-4314; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0421-858XThis review offers a comprehensive examination of the development and current state of the art in the field of molecularly imprinted polymer (MIP)-based colorimetric sensors, focusing on their potential for the rapid detection of organic compounds. These MIP-sensors are gaining considerable attention due to their distinctive capacity to modify sensor surfaces by creating recognition cavities within the polymer matrix, providing a versatile and highly selective platform for detecting a broad spectrum of analytes. This review systematically examines different types of MIP-based colorimetric sensors, attending to the target analyte, highlighting their applications in on-site sample detection, drug monitoring, environmental analysis, and food safety detection. The integration of novel technologies, such as nanozymes and smartphone-based detection, which enhance the capabilities of colorimetric MIP sensors, is also addressed. The sensors are particularly valuable due to their low cost, rapid response times, portability, and ease of use. Finally, the review outlines the future challenges for the development of MIP-based colorimetric sensors, focusing on overcoming existing limitations, improving sensor performance, and expanding their applications across various fields.Publicación Academic Fraud in the Use of Generative Artificial Intelligence (GenAI) for Faculty Promotion and Tenure(Sciedu Press, 2025-04-11) Muñiz Pérez, Julio César; Scott Mattison, TimothySince its emergence in 2022 through OpenAI, generative artificial Intelligence (GenAI) has represented a major technological breakthrough with the potential to revolutionize higher education systems. However, in addition to being a potentially helpful work tool, GenAI can also enable academic fraud. The purpose of this manuscript is to propose the foundations of a legal framework for addressing academic fraud in university faculty promotion and tenure that is facilitated by the use of GenAI. This manuscript begins with an introduction outlining how current GenAI capabilities could be used to engage in academic fraud. The manuscript then examines the underlying ethical systems in higher education that underpin decisions to utilize GenAI broadly, as well as more specifically in the creative process of scholarship. This discussion is followed by a section that explains the incentives to engage in academic fraud caused by national policies and university systems governing the promotion and tenure of faculty members in the United States (U.S.) and Spain/Europe. The legal framework at the end of this manuscript provides policymakers in government and university administration with interrelated concepts to guide the drafting of new policies that would govern the use of GenAI in academic scholarship. As stated in the concluding section, the authors have designed an empirical study to test the response to their proposed legal framework among faculty researchers, considering their systems of ethics and incentives that undergird temptations to engage in academic fraud. The authors present this manuscript as a primer for that future study.Publicación Incentivos fiscales de la Comunidad de Madrid contra la despoblación(Tirant lo Blanch, 2025-01) Muñiz Pérez, Julio CésarEsta investigación estudia la evolución de la política contra la despoblación de la Comunidad de Madrid hasta la incorporación de incentivos fiscales en esta materia con la Ley 5/2024. Incorporamos un estudio comparado de estas medidas con las de otras Comunidades Autónomas. Finalizamos con una serie de consideraciones críticas respecto al potencial de estas medidas y elementos de mejora. Finalizamos reflexionando con la necesidad de armonizar la política contra la despoblación, incluyendo medidas estatales y siguiendo los criterios de la Unión Europea para evitar su consideración de ayuda de Estado incompatible con el Mercado interiorPublicación Test-driving information theory-based compositional distributional semantics: A case study on Spanish song lyrics(ELSEVIER, 2025-06-15) Ghajari Espinosa, Adrián; Benito Santos, Alejandro; Ros Muñoz, Salvador; Fresno Fernández, Víctor Diego; González Blanco, ElenaSong lyrics pose unique challenges for semantic similarity assessment due to their metaphorical language, structural patterns, and cultural nuances - characteristics that often challenge standard natural language processing (NLP) approaches. These challenges stem from a tension between compositional and distributional semantics: while lyrics follow compositional structures, their meaning depends heavily on context and interpretation. The Information Theory-based Compositional Distributional Semantics framework offers a principled approach by integrating information theory with compositional rules and distributional representations. We evaluate eight embedding models on Spanish song lyrics, including multilingual, monolingual contextual, and static embeddings. Results show that multilingual models consistently outperform monolingual alternatives, with the domain-adapted ALBERTI achieving the highest F1 macro scores (78.92 ± 10.86). Our analysis reveals that monolingual models generate highly anisotropic embedding spaces, significantly impacting performance with traditional metrics. The Information Contrast Model metric proves particularly effective, providing improvements up to 18.04 percentage points over cosine similarity. Additionally, composition functions maintaining longer accumulated vector norms consistently outperform standard averaging approaches. Our findings have important implications for NLP applications and challenge standard practices in similarity calculation, showing that effectiveness varies with both task nature and model characteristics.Publicación Análisis melódico de la ironía en el discurso televisivo(Universitat de Valencia, 2020-12-14) Martínez Hernández, DianaEl principal objetivo de nuestro trabajo consistirá en describir los diferentes patrones melódicos que contribuyen a definir la ironía como fenómeno pragmático dentro del complejo funcionamiento de la entonación en el ámbito de la conversación coloquial. Tal objetivo se desarrollará a través de un estudio fonético-fonológico basado en el procedimiento experimental del modelo de Análisis Melódico del Habla (AMH) expuesto detalladamente en Cantero (2002). En definitiva, estudiaremos las diferentes curvas estándares como resultado de la obtención de datos frecuenciales de forma automática sobre el apoyo de 160 apariciones irónicas dentro del discurso televisivo. Palabras clave: ironía; pragmática; entonación; normalización; patrón.