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Análisis económico del Corredor Ferroviario Mediterráneo en el marco de la Red Transeuropea de Transporte
(Asociación Universitaria Europea de Estudios Comunitarios, 2014) Muñoz Martínez, César; Barreiro Pereira, Fernando; Inglada López de Sabando, Vicente
En la última década las iniciativas gubernamentales, tanto nacionales como comunitarias, han potenciado el desarrollo de infraestructuras de transporte ferroviario con objeto de configurar un sistema de transportes sostenible desde el punto de vista medioambiental. El Corredor Mediterráneo es uno de los corredores incluidos como parte de la red básica en la lista de proyectos de prioritarios las Redes Transeuropeas de Transporte (RTE-T). El presente artículo realiza una estimación de los niveles esperados de demanda en los servicios ferroviarios prestados en la infraestructura con objeto de analizar si se alcanzarán los umbrales mínimos de demanda que harían rentable el proyecto y de contrastar el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos oficiales en relación a la captación de los flujos de tráfico de mercancías desde la carretera al modo ferroviario en el área afectada por la infraestructura
Are social and financial exclusion two sides of the same coin? An analysis of the financial integration of vulnerable people
(Springer, 2018) Fernández Olit, Beatriz; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego; Cuesta González, Marta María de la
The economic crisis has increased the inequality and heterogeneity of people at risk of social exclusion, and thus their financial vulnerability. This article reviews the literature on the determinants of unbanking and underbanking and proposes a model linking financial and social exclusion. We aimed to determine if people at risk of poverty and social exclusion are integrated -and to what extent- in the financial system. To answer this question, we identified the demographic and the social exclusion factors that determine both the status of financial vulnerability and the use of banking services. We used multivariate analysis methods to analyze the information from the survey on social vulnerability conducted by the Red Cross Spain in 2015. Our results show a negative relationship between the risk of social exclusion and the intensity of use of banking services. This leads to financial vulnerability and exclusion in the most extreme situations. We suggest that underbanking is the most relevant - but not previously studied- situation of financial vulnerability in Europe and discuss its implications for policymakers. This paper contributes to the measurement of the link between financial and social exclusion, and is the first quantitative study on the use of banking products by vulnerable people in a European context.
Banking system resilience and stability: constructing a composite indicator for developed countries
(Emerald, 2019-10-14) Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina::virtual::3934::600; Cuesta González, Marta María de la::virtual::3935::600; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego::virtual::3936::600; Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego; Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego; Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego
The aim of this paper is to empirically appraise the health of banking systems by applying a new theoretical framework based on complex system theories. For doing so we propose a composite indicator for analysing the resilience and stability of banking systems for a group of advanced economies including the group of G7 countries, Spain and Portugal. The empirical results reveal quite different patterns in the aftermath of the financial crises. While some countries have improved its relative position within the ranking, we find others evolving just in the opposite direction. The main purpose of the indicator is not to make predictions of future banks’ behaviour, but rather to use it as an early warning system for policymakers and supervisors in identifying signs of weakness, as well as a useful tool to identify the best practices.
Banks and financial discrimination: what can be learnt from the spanish experience?
(Springer, 2019-04-15) Fernández Olit, Beatriz; Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Matilla García, Mariano
The paper analyses the phenomenon of financial discrimination that have been identified in many developed countries in the aftermath of the financial crisis. We would consider the process of quality worsening in the provision of banking products and services as part of the increasing problem of financial exclusion, which should consider not only the physical access to branches but also the difficulties of use of banking services and products. Our primary concern is focused on the collective of vulnerable customers, so we have carried out an analysis at a micro-scale (urban districts and municipalities) to identify the main determinants of the financial discrimination of territories according to their socioeconomic profile. This study constitutes a first attempt to analyse financial discrimination in the provision of banking products and services at an urban micro-scale. We have considered as good references the cases of Madrid and Barcelona in Spain, large urban territories with high level of social inequality. The methodology that had been applied is quantile regressions, useful technique for analysing the ‘extreme’ nature of the phenomenon of financial discrimination. Our results confirm that the more overloaded branches are settled in districts characterised by a lower socioeconomic profile, indicating a banking industry trend towards ‘low-cost’ retail banking to serve the group of less profitable – more vulnerable customers. Some recommendations are outlined for policymakers in line with the aims and scope of the Payment Accounts Directive of the European Union.
Breaking down barriers: The adoption of eco-innovation by SMEs and the influence of personality traits
(Wiley, 2024) Fernández Muñiz, Nuria; Triguero, Angela; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-4241; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1126-4429
The role played by leaders in the adoption of eco-innovations (EIs) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is crucial, but there is still little evidence regarding the influence of leaders on EIs. Despite the extensive literature on EI, studies that empirically evaluate the association between the role of SME leaders (CEOs, top managers, and board members) on the delimitation of the barriers to EI are lacking. The relationship between combinations of leader personality traits and the adoption of EI from a sensemaking perspective is examined to address this research gap. In addition, fsQCA analysis was applied. The responses of 40 SME leaders revealed that configurations involving barriers and personal traits have led to several solutions in which conscientiousness, openness, and either the presence or negation of neuroticism by SME managers were relevant. Moreover, the offset between financial barriers and the lack of public funding for EIs emerges in all eco-innovative success solutions. These results show that different combinations of personality traits interact with different EI barriers. Therefore, the obstacles to EI depend on the interpretations of the leader rather than being one-size-fits-all. Based on sensemaking theory, as taken from organizational studies and the literature on microfoundations, these findings enhance our understanding of the influence of individual-level psychological traits on EI adoption. Furthermore, practical implications are presented for SMEs with the goal of adopting sustainable innovative strategies.
Coalitions and Public Action in the Reshaping of Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Retail Banking Industry
(Springer, 2021) Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Froud, Julie; Tischer, Daniel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-2615
This paper addresses the question of whether and how public action via civil society and/or government can meaningfully shape industry-wide corporate responsibility (ICR) behaviour. We explore how, in principle, ICR can come about and what conditions might be effective in promoting more ethical behaviour. We propose a framework to understand attempts to develop more responsible behaviour at an industry level through processes of negotiation and coalition building. We suggest that any attempt to meaningfully influence ICR would require stakeholders to possess both power and legitimacy; moreover, magnitude and urgency of the issue at stake may affect the ability to influence ICR. The framework is applied to the retail banking industry, focusing on post-crisis experiences in two countries—Spain and the UK—where there has been considerable pressure on the retail banking industry by civil society and/or government to change behaviours, especially to abandon unethical practices. We illustrate in this paper how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is the product of context-specific processes of negotiation between civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders, drawing on legal and other institutions to influence industry behaviour.
Las consecuencias de la austeridad en los servicios sociales y en la financiación pública del TSAS
(Revista Española del Tercer Sector, 2017) Muñoz Martínez, César; Pérez Viejo, Jesús
El aumento de las necesidades sociales y la incapacidad de los Estados del Bienestar para hacerlas frente, ha generado un arduo debate que sitúa a la sociedad civil como nueva protagonista a la hora de satisfacer las necesidades humanas. Las políticas públicas sociales desarrolladas en el Estado de Bienestar no han erradicado la pobreza ni han reducido los índices de desigualdad social. A nivel estatal, se han establecido distintas alternativas que permiten realizar una provisión del bienestar social a partir de dos ejes: la descentralización política desde lo estatal a lo local y las nuevas políticas de ciudadanía. En paralelo, las políticas de reducción del déficit público han coartado la relación entre el Estado y sus ciudadanos dificultando la satisfacción de una demanda social cada vez más compleja. En este contexto, resulta vital reseñar la importancia del Tercer Sector, su estructura híbrida permite actuar en ámbitos complementarios a la economía de mercado y a la acción estatal empleando las ventajas de la gestión privada para obtener excedentes en el conjunto del bienestar social. En consonancia, el Tercer Sector de Acción Social ocupa un papel relevante en el desarrollo socioeconómico de España, tanto como suministrador de servicios de interés social como por su contribución a la actividad económica. La recesión económica ha provocado efectos en el Tercer Sector de distinta índole, de un lado han disminuido las partidas presupuestarias destinadas a gasto social aumentando los demandantes de satisfactores sociales y de otro, también se han visto reducidos los niveles de ingresos y de empleo del sector. En este sentido, el presente artículo realiza un análisis de la contribución del Tercer Sector de Acción Social a la actividad económica española, haciéndose eco de las consecuencias sociales que las políticas de austeridad, a través de la reducción de las dotaciones presupuestarias en servicios públicos, han generado en el aumento de la pobreza, la exclusión social y la desigualdad de la sociedad española. Además, plantea los retos a los que se enfrenta el sector tanto desde la perspectiva de eficiencia organizativa en su gestión como en la necesidad de implementar fórmulas de financiación innovadoras
Corporate tax disclosure on a CSR basis: a new reporting framework in the post-BEPS era
(Emerald Publishing, 2019-09-25) Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Pardo Herrasti, Eva
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the emerging discourse on corporate taxation from a corporate social responsibility perspective to develop a consensual definition of corporate tax responsibility (CTR) and to identify a set of indicators that firms should publicly communicate to their stakeholders as an accountability mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews with representatives of stakeholders closely related to taxation: tax authorities, companies, NGOs, tax advisors and academics. Based on a discourse analysis approach, data were coded and analyzed using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. Findings CTR is defined as the set of tax-related practices and policies that allow companies to pay a fair share of taxes as a function of the generated value in each jurisdiction in which they operate and to then publicly disclose them. Disclosure should cover disaggregated quantitative data and information on practices and policies. Originality/value Despite the wealth of research on sustainability reporting and increasing public awareness of tax aggressiveness and disclosure, academic research has not explored tax-responsible reporting. Moreover, no consensual definition of CTR has been formulated, and no indicators to properly account for responsible taxation have been identified. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by providing rich interview evidence regarding the nature of the emerging discourse on CTR reporting and a set of material indicators for CTR disclosure. This paper encourages researchers to foster the development of social accountability by engaging in future empirical studies of CTR.
CSR reporting communication: Defective reporting models or misapplication?
(Wiley, 2020) Garcia Torea, Nicolas; Fernandez Feijoo, Belen; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3517; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3642-2136
This paper studies whether the failure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices to enable effective CSR communication allowing stakeholders to appreciate firms' CSR is due to the reporting model guiding firms in elaborating sustainability reports, the companies' application of the model, or both. Drawing on the communication theory and using interpretive textual analysis, the paper specifically assesses Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, the most widespread CSR reporting model worldwide, and its application by a leading sustainability reporter. The findings indicate that GRI guidelines suffer from significant limitations that hamper the production of reports accounting for CSR impacts. This paper contributes to critical research on CSR reporting practices and calls for redirecting current reporting practice towards a more effective approach. Additionally, it also responds to the need to approach CSR reporting research relying on theories different from the one commonly used.
The dependent foreign policy: the case of Ecuador
(Universidad Externado de Colombia: Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2018) Lapeña Sanz, Ramiro; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román
La política exterior dependiente es un concepto que define la relación de un Estado con otras naciones. Dicha correlación, traducida en una estrecha vinculación de su economía frente a uno o varios países, puede ser ocasionada de manera voluntaria o contra el deseo del Estado en cuestión, incidiendo así en su política exterior. Partiendo de este supuesto, el objetivo principal del presente trabajo es analizar el caso particular de Ecuador mediante un examen en profundidad de su relación con Estados Unidos de América (ee.uu.) y República Popular China. Igualmente, el marco temporal de este artículo está centrado en el período 2007-2016, cubriendo así el mandato del presidente Rafael Correa. Para ello, en primer lugar, se expone el marco teórico y el estado de la cuestión. Posteriormente, se estudian los intercambios económicos de Ecuador con Estados Unidos de América y República Popular China, poniendo un especial énfasis en las relaciones comerciales, la inversión extranjera directa, la deuda y la ayuda oficial al desarrollo. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones obtenidas.
Does finance as usual work for circular economy transition? A financiers and SMEs qualitative approach
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2022) Morales García, Manuel; Cuesta González, Marta María de la
Transitioning to a circular economy (CE) particularly challenges small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and a deeper understanding of CE financial barriers is needed. We draw on SME and financiers’ views to qualitatively study the risks associated with CE, how such risks limit access to financial resources and how financial institutions perceive those risks. We find that transitioning to a circular economy entails regulatory, cultural and market risks and that CE business success does not depend solely on SME resources or capabilities. Contributions include combining business model perspectives with transition theories and showing that new circular business models entail major reforms to political, regulatory, and market structures, including financial markets. From a practical perspective, to accelerate CE transition, we recommend reducing fragmentation, uncertainty and incoherence in regulation of the remodeling of information and risk assessment systems and new co-financing mechanisms and alternative instruments such as blended finance or “circular finance.”
Effects of antitrust prosecution on retail fuel prices
(Elsevier, 2019-10-18) González, Xulia; Moral Rincón, María José
In February 2015, Spain’s Competition Authority imposed € 32.4 million in fines on five of the country’s largest oil operators as sanctions for price collusion. This paper examines the effect of that antitrust action on retail fuel prices. Our analysis uses a novel data set with detailed information on more than 8000 gas stations throughout Spain. Prices were collected every day from 18 August 2014 to 15 June 2015 (almost 2 million price observations). First we estimate a reduced-form fuel price equation that accounts for wholesale costs and brand affiliation. Then we use a model of gas stations and time fixed effects while adopting a difference-in-differences approach to assessing the fines’ effect on retail fuel prices. Our results indicate that, after publication of the fine, sanctioned firms raise prices slightly, and the additional revenues far exceeded the amount of the fine. We also find substantial heterogeneity, depending on the size of the fine, in the magnitude of this price response. Hence the fine’s burden might well have been borne mainly by consumers, whose welfare was thereby reduced. Our study should be of interest to antitrust authorities as we show that sanctions may not be effective enough in deter price fixing practices, especially when sanctions are weak and the profits from colluding are sufficiently high.
Empirical Analysis of Ethical Principles Applied to Different AI Uses Cases
(UNIR-Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 2022-12) López Rivero, Alfonso José; Beato, M. Encarnación; Muñoz Martínez, César; Cortiñas Vázquez, Pedro Gonzalo
In this paper, we present an empirical study on the perception of the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence groups in the classification made by the European Union (EU). The study seeks to identify the ethical principles that cause the greatest concern among the population, analyzing these characteristics among different actors. The main study analyses the difference between Information and Communications Technology (ICT) professionals and the rest of the population. Along with this study, we conducted a gender study; in addition, we studied differences between university students, classified as future professionals who can work in Artificial Intelligence, and other university students. We believe that this work is a starting point for an informed debate in the scientific community and industry on the ethical implications of artificial intelligence based on the classification of ethical principles made by the EU, which can be extrapolated to any analysis carried out on the use of data to apply them in algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence.
Evaluación cualitativa de las directivas de igualdad racial y de igualdad en el empleo
(Asociación Castellano-Manchega de Sociología (ACMS), 2016-10-31) Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel::virtual::3553::600; Muñoz Martínez, César::virtual::3554::600; Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel; Muñoz Martínez, César; Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel; Muñoz Martínez, César; Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel; Muñoz Martínez, César
The aim is to evaluate the process of implementation in the Member States of the European Union Directive 2000/43 / EC of 29 June 2000 on the implementation of equal treatment persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin and Directive 2000/78 / EC of 27 November 2000 on equal treatment in employment and occupation. Protection against discrimination is one of the areas in which EU legislation affects closer to European citizens. The regulatory framework created by the two EU directives to combat discrimination has set up European legislation for more than a decade. The constraints arising from regulatory developments affecting the policies of the European Union and its Member States, and social interventions and methods of social work, aimed at the eradication of discrimination of racial origin and all those that manifest themselves in world labor.
La evaluación de políticas públicas en España: aprendizaje y práctica institucional
(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: Departamento de Economía Aplicada y Estadística, 2013) Labeaga Azcona, José María; Muñoz Martínez, César
La evaluación de políticas públicas en un tema fundamental en cualquier país democrático. En el caso de España esta importancia queda reflejada en varios textos legales como la Constitución Española o la Ley General Presupuestaria. El reconocimiento de dicha importancia no debe ser un fin sino un principio. Los responsables políticos se han encargado de forma continuada de realizar el control del gasto público de acuerdo a los criterios que dicta la normativa citada, pero la evaluación de impacto no ha tenido hasta el momento el papel que la misma parece conferirle. Es, por tanto, necesario dar un paso más al control legal o formal e incluir el punto de vista económico en la evaluación de forma que se constituya dentro del sector público y de forma natural como un juicio a sus intervenciones de acuerdo a los resultados y a los impactos que tengan así como a las necesidades que satisfagan, siempre teniendo en cuenta que las decisiones se adoptan con unos objetivos. Habiéndose avanzado recientemente tanto en el diseño institucional como en algunas aplicaciones, queda mucho camino por recorrer para que la evaluación constituya un verdadero instrumento de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en España. Y para recorrer bien ese camino es necesario primero contar con la transparencia del sector público. Proporcionar la información adecuada es un primer paso necesario no suficiente para cumplir con el principio de transparencia que ha de guiar la actuación de todo decisor de lo público. La descripción de la situación actual y algunas propuestas de desarrollo futuro han tratado de completar una visión tanto del estado actual de la situación en España cuanto de las potencialidades que algunos métodos e instrumentos proporcionan.
Factores afectivos y cognitivos que dificultan las relaciones bancarias de consumidores económicamente vulnerables
(Emerald, 2022-04-06) Fernández Olit, Beatriz; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Orenes Casanova, Isabel; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego
El objetivo de este artículo es explorar los factores afectivos y cognitivos que condicionan las relaciones bancarias de los consumidores económicamente vulnerables y cómo estos factores contribuyen a aumentar las dificultades financieras y la exclusión. Esta investigación, realizada en un conjunto de grupos focales, basa sus hallazgos en una combinación de métodos experimentales y de análisis del discurso. Las decisiones financieras no son racionales y pueden estar sesgadas por factores afectivos y cognitivos. Las finanzas conductuales se han centrado muy poco en analizar cómo los sesgos del consumidor influyen en las relaciones con las instituciones bancarias. Adicionalmente, estas relaciones se ven afectadas por la digitalización y transformación del negocio bancario. Así, en el caso de consumidores económicamente vulnerables, que no son rentables para la cada vez más competitiva industria bancaria y carecen de capacidades financieras, su riesgo de exclusión financiera es cada vez mayor. Los resultados muestran que la desconfianza y la vergüenza conducen a dificultades financieras en consumidores económicamente vulnerables. La desconfianza genera problemas de acceso y autoexclusión, mientras que la vergüenza genera dificultades de uso. Esta falta de confianza les hace más racionales en el trato con las máquinas que con las personas, mostrando mayores dificultades bancarias para los consumidores con perfil “persona-sospechoso”. Este hallazgo puede ayudar a los reguladores a establecer límites en el comportamiento bancario, exigir a los bancos que incorporen factores afectivos y cognitivos en sus pruebas de conveniencia y detectar nuevas variables que puedan ayudarlos a mejorar sus índices de insolvencia y reputación.
La importancia del Corredor Mediterráneo en la interacción entre la logística y la industria
(Real Centro Universitario Escorial-María Cristina, 2017-03-13) Muñoz Martínez, César
Este trabajo estudia la incidencia que el Corredor Mediterráneo puede tener en la interacción entre la logística y la industria regional del área mediterránea. Para ello, elaboramos un análisis de transferencia modal, explotando los microdatos de la Encuesta Permanente del Transporte de Mercancías por Carretera (EPTMC), que nos permite caracterizar el transporte de mercancías en la zona de influencia de esta infraestructura, identificando los itinerarios y sectores en los que el ferrocarril puede absorber flujos de tráficos de la carretera.
Modelling the effect of weather on tourism: does it vary across seasons?
(Taylor & Francis, 2023) Muñoz Martínez, César::virtual::3939::600; Muñoz Martínez, César; Muñoz Martínez, César; Muñoz Martínez, César
Weather conditions are important determinants of tourism demand. After reviewing the main contributions of previous research on the role of climatic variables in tourism demand functions, we explore different modelling alternatives to introduce temperature and rainfall in a gravity model. The dataset used comprises interregional tourism flows by Spanish residents from 2011 to 2015. We first estimate a benchmark model with both temperature and rainfall at the destination expressed in levels, and then consider some extensions to this model. In particular, special attention is paid to analyzing whether the sensitivity that tourists may have to weather factors can change across seasons. Other modelling issues examined include the relationship between climatic variables at the destination and at home, the influence of weather in previous periods (lagged values of temperature and rain), the variability of the weather variables (captured by the standard deviation of these variables), or whether the effect of temperature varies with the climatic characteristics of the region. Our empirical results confirm that spring and summer tourism in Spain is more sensitive to weather conditions, that the number of domestic overnight stays in Spain is strongly influenced by changes in the difference in temperature between tourists’ home and destination regions, that the estimated parameters of lagged weather variables are higher than those corresponding to the travelling months, that temperature variability in the destination region reduces tourism demand, and that the effect of temperature on destination choice for residents in moderate-climate regions is lower than for residents in other types of regions.
New financing instruments in the field of Trans-European networks: an alternative to the traditional subsidy system?
(IUSTEL, 2018) Muñoz Martínez, César
Este trabajo tiene por objeto analizar la evolución del régimen específico para la concesión de ayudas financieras comunitarias en el ámbito de la Redes Transeuropeas de Transporte, realizando un análisis de contenido de los principales actos normativos que se han ido prorrogando y ampliando en los sucesivos periodos de programación; prestando especial atención al Mecanismo “Conectar Europa” como instrumento financiero que ha centralizado, coordinado y optimizado los recursos comunitarios de la línea presupuestaria de la RTE-T en un único fondo estructurado.
Next Generation European Union and the digital transformation: an opportunity for Spain
(Institute for Research and European Studies, 2021-11-23) Benedicto Solsona, Miguel Ángel; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román::virtual::3925::600; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román
The main objective of this article is to analyze the importance of digital transformation and the funds provided by way of the Next Generation EU (NGEU) plan, taking into account the Spanish case. Through the working hypothesis, it was established that the Iberian country has a wide margin for improvement in the context of digitalization. Likewise, that NGEU forms a key impulse for the recovery from the crisis caused by Covid-19, as well as for the implementation of new digital technologies in Spain. The use of the Digital Economy and Society Index, developed by the European Commission, has allowed us to carry out empirical research. The evaluation of the current situation and the progress of Spain in the field of analysis, as well as the putting it in perspective regarding the rest of the Member States, have been undertaken. Moreover, the Eurostat database has been employed, in addition to the estimations of the Spanish executive exposed through the Digital Agenda 2025, to examine investment in R&D and intangible assets and try to assess the importance of the EU recovery fund for Spain's development and progress in the digitization framework. Finally, the hypothesis and the objectives have been achieved

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