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Análisis económico del Corredor Ferroviario Mediterráneo en el marco de la Red Transeuropea de Transporte
(Asociación Universitaria Europea de Estudios Comunitarios, 2014) Muñoz Martínez, César; Barreiro Pereira, Fernando; Inglada López de Sabando, Vicente
En la última década las iniciativas gubernamentales, tanto nacionales como comunitarias, han potenciado el desarrollo de infraestructuras de transporte ferroviario con objeto de configurar un sistema de transportes sostenible desde el punto de vista medioambiental. El Corredor Mediterráneo es uno de los corredores incluidos como parte de la red básica en la lista de proyectos de prioritarios las Redes Transeuropeas de Transporte (RTE-T). El presente artículo realiza una estimación de los niveles esperados de demanda en los servicios ferroviarios prestados en la infraestructura con objeto de analizar si se alcanzarán los umbrales mínimos de demanda que harían rentable el proyecto y de contrastar el grado de cumplimiento de los objetivos oficiales en relación a la captación de los flujos de tráfico de mercancías desde la carretera al modo ferroviario en el área afectada por la infraestructura
Are social and financial exclusion two sides of the same coin? An analysis of the financial integration of vulnerable people
(Springer, 2018) Fernández Olit, Beatriz; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego; Cuesta González, Marta María de la
The economic crisis has increased the inequality and heterogeneity of people at risk of social exclusion, and thus their financial vulnerability. This article reviews the literature on the determinants of unbanking and underbanking and proposes a model linking financial and social exclusion. We aimed to determine if people at risk of poverty and social exclusion are integrated -and to what extent- in the financial system. To answer this question, we identified the demographic and the social exclusion factors that determine both the status of financial vulnerability and the use of banking services. We used multivariate analysis methods to analyze the information from the survey on social vulnerability conducted by the Red Cross Spain in 2015. Our results show a negative relationship between the risk of social exclusion and the intensity of use of banking services. This leads to financial vulnerability and exclusion in the most extreme situations. We suggest that underbanking is the most relevant - but not previously studied- situation of financial vulnerability in Europe and discuss its implications for policymakers. This paper contributes to the measurement of the link between financial and social exclusion, and is the first quantitative study on the use of banking products by vulnerable people in a European context.
Banking system resilience and stability: constructing a composite indicator for developed countries
(Emerald, 2019-10-14) Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Paredes Gázquez, Juan Diego
The aim of this paper is to empirically appraise the health of banking systems by applying a new theoretical framework based on complex system theories. For doing so we propose a composite indicator for analysing the resilience and stability of banking systems for a group of advanced economies including the group of G7 countries, Spain and Portugal. The empirical results reveal quite different patterns in the aftermath of the financial crises. While some countries have improved its relative position within the ranking, we find others evolving just in the opposite direction. The main purpose of the indicator is not to make predictions of future banks’ behaviour, but rather to use it as an early warning system for policymakers and supervisors in identifying signs of weakness, as well as a useful tool to identify the best practices.
Banks and financial discrimination: what can be learnt from the spanish experience?
(Springer, 2019-04-15) Fernández Olit, Beatriz; Ruza Paz-Curbera, Cristina; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Matilla García, Mariano
The paper analyses the phenomenon of financial discrimination that have been identified in many developed countries in the aftermath of the financial crisis. We would consider the process of quality worsening in the provision of banking products and services as part of the increasing problem of financial exclusion, which should consider not only the physical access to branches but also the difficulties of use of banking services and products. Our primary concern is focused on the collective of vulnerable customers, so we have carried out an analysis at a micro-scale (urban districts and municipalities) to identify the main determinants of the financial discrimination of territories according to their socioeconomic profile. This study constitutes a first attempt to analyse financial discrimination in the provision of banking products and services at an urban micro-scale. We have considered as good references the cases of Madrid and Barcelona in Spain, large urban territories with high level of social inequality. The methodology that had been applied is quantile regressions, useful technique for analysing the ‘extreme’ nature of the phenomenon of financial discrimination. Our results confirm that the more overloaded branches are settled in districts characterised by a lower socioeconomic profile, indicating a banking industry trend towards ‘low-cost’ retail banking to serve the group of less profitable – more vulnerable customers. Some recommendations are outlined for policymakers in line with the aims and scope of the Payment Accounts Directive of the European Union.
Breaking down barriers: The adoption of eco-innovation by SMEs and the influence of personality traits
(Wiley, 2024) Fernández Muñiz, Nuria; Triguero, Angela; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9011-4241; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1126-4429
The role played by leaders in the adoption of eco-innovations (EIs) by small and medium enterprises (SMEs) is crucial, but there is still little evidence regarding the influence of leaders on EIs. Despite the extensive literature on EI, studies that empirically evaluate the association between the role of SME leaders (CEOs, top managers, and board members) on the delimitation of the barriers to EI are lacking. The relationship between combinations of leader personality traits and the adoption of EI from a sensemaking perspective is examined to address this research gap. In addition, fsQCA analysis was applied. The responses of 40 SME leaders revealed that configurations involving barriers and personal traits have led to several solutions in which conscientiousness, openness, and either the presence or negation of neuroticism by SME managers were relevant. Moreover, the offset between financial barriers and the lack of public funding for EIs emerges in all eco-innovative success solutions. These results show that different combinations of personality traits interact with different EI barriers. Therefore, the obstacles to EI depend on the interpretations of the leader rather than being one-size-fits-all. Based on sensemaking theory, as taken from organizational studies and the literature on microfoundations, these findings enhance our understanding of the influence of individual-level psychological traits on EI adoption. Furthermore, practical implications are presented for SMEs with the goal of adopting sustainable innovative strategies.
Coalitions and Public Action in the Reshaping of Corporate Responsibility: The Case of the Retail Banking Industry
(Springer, 2021) Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Froud, Julie; Tischer, Daniel; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8330-2615
This paper addresses the question of whether and how public action via civil society and/or government can meaningfully shape industry-wide corporate responsibility (ICR) behaviour. We explore how, in principle, ICR can come about and what conditions might be effective in promoting more ethical behaviour. We propose a framework to understand attempts to develop more responsible behaviour at an industry level through processes of negotiation and coalition building. We suggest that any attempt to meaningfully influence ICR would require stakeholders to possess both power and legitimacy; moreover, magnitude and urgency of the issue at stake may affect the ability to influence ICR. The framework is applied to the retail banking industry, focusing on post-crisis experiences in two countries—Spain and the UK—where there has been considerable pressure on the retail banking industry by civil society and/or government to change behaviours, especially to abandon unethical practices. We illustrate in this paper how corporate responsibility at the sector level in retail banking is the product of context-specific processes of negotiation between civil society and public authorities, on behalf of customers and other stakeholders, drawing on legal and other institutions to influence industry behaviour.
Condición Financiera y fondos de liquidez en España: un enfoque regional
(Universidades de Andalucía, 2019) Herrero Alcalde, Ana; Martín Román, Javier; Tránchez Martín, José Manuel
Este trabajo estudia el diseño, funcionamiento y factores explicativos de los mecanismos de liquidez que vienen recibiendo las comunidades autónomas del gobierno central desde el año 2012. El análisis del marco institucional sugiere que son herramientas heterogéneas, opacas y cambiantes, lo que dificulta el seguimiento de las relaciones financieras existentes entre los dos niveles de gobierno. En cuanto a los factores explicativos del reparto de los fondos, encontramos que el nivel de endeudamiento tiene un impacto directo sobre las necesidades de liquidez, mientras que los territorios más ricos y más dinámicos han recurrido en menor medida a los fondos de liquidez. Además, encontramos que las necesidades de financiación tienen un componente de demanda, puesto que el crecimiento de la población en los años previos presenta un impacto directo.
Las consecuencias de la austeridad en los servicios sociales y en la financiación pública del TSAS
(Revista Española del Tercer Sector, 2017) Muñoz Martínez, César; Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel
El aumento de las necesidades sociales y la incapacidad de los Estados del Bienestar para hacerlas frente, ha generado un arduo debate que sitúa a la sociedad civil como nueva protagonista a la hora de satisfacer las necesidades humanas. Las políticas públicas sociales desarrolladas en el Estado de Bienestar no han erradicado la pobreza ni han reducido los índices de desigualdad social. A nivel estatal, se han establecido distintas alternativas que permiten realizar una provisión del bienestar social a partir de dos ejes: la descentralización política desde lo estatal a lo local y las nuevas políticas de ciudadanía. En paralelo, las políticas de reducción del déficit público han coartado la relación entre el Estado y sus ciudadanos dificultando la satisfacción de una demanda social cada vez más compleja. En este contexto, resulta vital reseñar la importancia del Tercer Sector, su estructura híbrida permite actuar en ámbitos complementarios a la economía de mercado y a la acción estatal empleando las ventajas de la gestión privada para obtener excedentes en el conjunto del bienestar social. En consonancia, el Tercer Sector de Acción Social ocupa un papel relevante en el desarrollo socioeconómico de España, tanto como suministrador de servicios de interés social como por su contribución a la actividad económica. La recesión económica ha provocado efectos en el Tercer Sector de distinta índole, de un lado han disminuido las partidas presupuestarias destinadas a gasto social aumentando los demandantes de satisfactores sociales y de otro, también se han visto reducidos los niveles de ingresos y de empleo del sector. En este sentido, el presente artículo realiza un análisis de la contribución del Tercer Sector de Acción Social a la actividad económica española, haciéndose eco de las consecuencias sociales que las políticas de austeridad, a través de la reducción de las dotaciones presupuestarias en servicios públicos, han generado en el aumento de la pobreza, la exclusión social y la desigualdad de la sociedad española. Además, plantea los retos a los que se enfrenta el sector tanto desde la perspectiva de eficiencia organizativa en su gestión como en la necesidad de implementar fórmulas de financiación innovadoras
Corporate corruption management: A proposal for an accountability framework
(Universida de Murcia, 2025-01-02) Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Vázquez Oteo, Orencio; Garcia-Torea, Nicolas; Universidad de Murcia; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3517
This study develops an anti-corruption accountability framework covering relevant thematic aspects and in-dicators that stakeholders require to assess firms commitment to fighting corrupt practices. Relying on dialo-gic accountability premises, the study performs a research engagement exercise with Spanish stakeholdersorganized in two phases to gather and integrate their multiple views. First, semi-structured interviewswere held with actors representing relevant constituencies to identify key thematic aspects to assess firmsanti-corruption. Second, a focus group was organized with representatives of information users to define aset of suitable indicators to evaluate those aspects. The resulting anti-corruption accountability frameworkconsists of 68 indicators that evaluate 27 key thematic aspects grouped into four overarching blocks. Byhelping make corporations accountable for managing corruption, the study offers insights to policy-makersand managers, particularly in the EU, where firms are mandated to report on anti-corruption. From amethodological perspective, the study shows the instrumentality of dialogic accountability to design spaceswhere firms and stakeholders can collaboratively interact and discuss the information the former shouldprovide to allow the latter to assess corporate commitment on social and environmental topics, such asanti-corruption.
Corporate tax disclosure on a CSR basis: a new reporting framework in the post-BEPS era
(Emerald Publishing, 2019-09-25) Cuesta González, Marta María de la; Pardo Herrasti, Eva
Purpose The purpose of this paper is to explore the emerging discourse on corporate taxation from a corporate social responsibility perspective to develop a consensual definition of corporate tax responsibility (CTR) and to identify a set of indicators that firms should publicly communicate to their stakeholders as an accountability mechanism. Design/methodology/approach Data were obtained from semi-structured interviews with representatives of stakeholders closely related to taxation: tax authorities, companies, NGOs, tax advisors and academics. Based on a discourse analysis approach, data were coded and analyzed using computer-assisted qualitative data analysis software. Findings CTR is defined as the set of tax-related practices and policies that allow companies to pay a fair share of taxes as a function of the generated value in each jurisdiction in which they operate and to then publicly disclose them. Disclosure should cover disaggregated quantitative data and information on practices and policies. Originality/value Despite the wealth of research on sustainability reporting and increasing public awareness of tax aggressiveness and disclosure, academic research has not explored tax-responsible reporting. Moreover, no consensual definition of CTR has been formulated, and no indicators to properly account for responsible taxation have been identified. This paper contributes to filling these gaps by providing rich interview evidence regarding the nature of the emerging discourse on CTR reporting and a set of material indicators for CTR disclosure. This paper encourages researchers to foster the development of social accountability by engaging in future empirical studies of CTR.
CSR reporting communication: Defective reporting models or misapplication?
(Wiley, 2020) García Torea, Nicolás; Fernández Feijóo, Belén; Cuesta González, Marta María de la; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4301-3517; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3642-2136
This paper studies whether the failure of corporate social responsibility (CSR) reporting practices to enable effective CSR communication allowing stakeholders to appreciate firms' CSR is due to the reporting model guiding firms in elaborating sustainability reports, the companies' application of the model, or both. Drawing on the communication theory and using interpretive textual analysis, the paper specifically assesses Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) guidelines, the most widespread CSR reporting model worldwide, and its application by a leading sustainability reporter. The findings indicate that GRI guidelines suffer from significant limitations that hamper the production of reports accounting for CSR impacts. This paper contributes to critical research on CSR reporting practices and calls for redirecting current reporting practice towards a more effective approach. Additionally, it also responds to the need to approach CSR reporting research relying on theories different from the one commonly used.
The dependent foreign policy: the case of Ecuador
(Universidad Externado de Colombia: Facultad de Finanzas, Gobierno y Relaciones Internacionales de la Universidad Externado de Colombia, 2018) Lapeña Sanz, Ramiro; Czubala Ostapiuk, Marcin Román
La política exterior dependiente es un concepto que define la relación de un Estado con otras naciones. Dicha correlación, traducida en una estrecha vinculación de su economía frente a uno o varios países, puede ser ocasionada de manera voluntaria o contra el deseo del Estado en cuestión, incidiendo así en su política exterior. Partiendo de este supuesto, el objetivo principal del presente trabajo es analizar el caso particular de Ecuador mediante un examen en profundidad de su relación con Estados Unidos de América (ee.uu.) y República Popular China. Igualmente, el marco temporal de este artículo está centrado en el período 2007-2016, cubriendo así el mandato del presidente Rafael Correa. Para ello, en primer lugar, se expone el marco teórico y el estado de la cuestión. Posteriormente, se estudian los intercambios económicos de Ecuador con Estados Unidos de América y República Popular China, poniendo un especial énfasis en las relaciones comerciales, la inversión extranjera directa, la deuda y la ayuda oficial al desarrollo. Por último, se presentan las conclusiones obtenidas.
Depopulation determinants of small rural municipalities in the Valencia Region (Spain)
(Elsevier, 2024-08-14) San Martín González, Enrique; Soler Vayá, Federico; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6176-3165
The depopulation of rural areas is a global problem that is particularly serious in Europe and in large areas of Spain, such as the interior of the Valencia Region. Despite the consensus in the diagnosis of the problem, there is still a debate about the policies and measures to solve it. For this reason, in order to help policymakers, this work carries out an analysis of the determinants that have contributed to the population growth of small rural municipalities in the Valencia Region. The analysis includes variables that have not been used in previous research, such as cultural heritage, cycling and walking routes, organic farming or renewable energy. Among the variables that contribute to the fight against depopulation, in addition to basic public services (education and health), there are variables from the primary, secondary and tertiary sectors. There are therefore activities and resources to try to diversify the economic activity to revitalise small rural municipalities.
Determinants of rooftop solar uptake: A comparative analysis of the residential and non-residential sectors in the Basque Country (Spain)
(Elsevier, 2024-07-11) San Martín González, Enrique; Elizalde, Patxi; https://orcid.org/0009-0004-6715-954X
Rooftop solar, both in the residential and the non-residential sector, is emerging rapidly as a popular source of clean electricity. Together with utility-scale photovoltaics, its future growth is essential to achieve decarbonization targets. Therefore, understanding adoption determinants for firms and households is key to efficiently promoting its diffusion. There is a gap, however, in the knowledge of non-residential adoption determinants, as less attention has been given to this sector compared to the residential sector. As a result of this gap, there is an absence of comparative analysis across sectors. As determinants of adoption cannot be assumed to be the same in both sectors, the objective of this research is threefold. First, to analyze whether the residential and non-residential sectors share key determinants of rooftop solar investment; second, to compare the sectoral differences in these determinants; and third, to assess the policy implications of the results obtained to further promote distributed solar photovoltaic energy. For this purpose, a regional case study in the Basque Country (Spain) was conducted, applying key theoretical frameworks to both sectors in a way that maximized the comparability of the results obtained across them. The results showed that adoption determinants are very different across sectors and, therefore, sector-specific policy actions need to be taken in each sector to efficiently promote rooftop solar. For the residential sector, policy actions could build upon behavioral aspects; for the non-residential sector, economic incentives are expected to be more successful, especially among medium size businesses, which are identified as the most promising segment
Does finance as usual work for circular economy transition? A financiers and SMEs qualitative approach
(Taylor & Francis Group, 2022) Morales García, Manuel; Cuesta González, Marta María de la
Transitioning to a circular economy (CE) particularly challenges small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), and a deeper understanding of CE financial barriers is needed. We draw on SME and financiers’ views to qualitatively study the risks associated with CE, how such risks limit access to financial resources and how financial institutions perceive those risks. We find that transitioning to a circular economy entails regulatory, cultural and market risks and that CE business success does not depend solely on SME resources or capabilities. Contributions include combining business model perspectives with transition theories and showing that new circular business models entail major reforms to political, regulatory, and market structures, including financial markets. From a practical perspective, to accelerate CE transition, we recommend reducing fragmentation, uncertainty and incoherence in regulation of the remodeling of information and risk assessment systems and new co-financing mechanisms and alternative instruments such as blended finance or “circular finance.”
Effects of antitrust prosecution on retail fuel prices
(Elsevier, 2019-10-18) González, Xulia; Moral, María J.
In February 2015, Spain’s Competition Authority imposed € 32.4 million in fines on five of the country’s largest oil operators as sanctions for price collusion. This paper examines the effect of that antitrust action on retail fuel prices. Our analysis uses a novel data set with detailed information on more than 8000 gas stations throughout Spain. Prices were collected every day from 18 August 2014 to 15 June 2015 (almost 2 million price observations). First we estimate a reduced-form fuel price equation that accounts for wholesale costs and brand affiliation. Then we use a model of gas stations and time fixed effects while adopting a difference-in-differences approach to assessing the fines’ effect on retail fuel prices. Our results indicate that, after publication of the fine, sanctioned firms raise prices slightly, and the additional revenues far exceeded the amount of the fine. We also find substantial heterogeneity, depending on the size of the fine, in the magnitude of this price response. Hence the fine’s burden might well have been borne mainly by consumers, whose welfare was thereby reduced. Our study should be of interest to antitrust authorities as we show that sanctions may not be effective enough in deter price fixing practices, especially when sanctions are weak and the profits from colluding are sufficiently high.
Empirical Analysis of Ethical Principles Applied to Different AI Uses Cases
(UNIR-Universidad Internacional de La Rioja, 2022-12) López Rivero, Alfonso José; Beato, M. Encarnación; Muñoz Martínez, César; Cortiñas Vázquez, Pedro Gonzalo
In this paper, we present an empirical study on the perception of the ethical challenges of artificial intelligence groups in the classification made by the European Union (EU). The study seeks to identify the ethical principles that cause the greatest concern among the population, analyzing these characteristics among different actors. The main study analyses the difference between Information and Communications Technology (ICT) professionals and the rest of the population. Along with this study, we conducted a gender study; in addition, we studied differences between university students, classified as future professionals who can work in Artificial Intelligence, and other university students. We believe that this work is a starting point for an informed debate in the scientific community and industry on the ethical implications of artificial intelligence based on the classification of ethical principles made by the EU, which can be extrapolated to any analysis carried out on the use of data to apply them in algorithms based on Artificial Intelligence.
Evaluación cualitativa de las directivas de igualdad racial y de igualdad en el empleo
(Asociación Castellano-Manchega de Sociología (ACMS), 2016-10-31) Pérez Viejo, Jesús Manuel; Muñoz Martínez, César
The aim is to evaluate the process of implementation in the Member States of the European Union Directive 2000/43 / EC of 29 June 2000 on the implementation of equal treatment persons irrespective of racial or ethnic origin and Directive 2000/78 / EC of 27 November 2000 on equal treatment in employment and occupation. Protection against discrimination is one of the areas in which EU legislation affects closer to European citizens. The regulatory framework created by the two EU directives to combat discrimination has set up European legislation for more than a decade. The constraints arising from regulatory developments affecting the policies of the European Union and its Member States, and social interventions and methods of social work, aimed at the eradication of discrimination of racial origin and all those that manifest themselves in world labor.
La evaluación de políticas públicas en España: aprendizaje y práctica institucional
(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia: Departamento de Economía Aplicada y Estadística, 2013) Labeaga Azcona, José María; Muñoz Martínez, César
La evaluación de políticas públicas en un tema fundamental en cualquier país democrático. En el caso de España esta importancia queda reflejada en varios textos legales como la Constitución Española o la Ley General Presupuestaria. El reconocimiento de dicha importancia no debe ser un fin sino un principio. Los responsables políticos se han encargado de forma continuada de realizar el control del gasto público de acuerdo a los criterios que dicta la normativa citada, pero la evaluación de impacto no ha tenido hasta el momento el papel que la misma parece conferirle. Es, por tanto, necesario dar un paso más al control legal o formal e incluir el punto de vista económico en la evaluación de forma que se constituya dentro del sector público y de forma natural como un juicio a sus intervenciones de acuerdo a los resultados y a los impactos que tengan así como a las necesidades que satisfagan, siempre teniendo en cuenta que las decisiones se adoptan con unos objetivos. Habiéndose avanzado recientemente tanto en el diseño institucional como en algunas aplicaciones, queda mucho camino por recorrer para que la evaluación constituya un verdadero instrumento de apoyo a la toma de decisiones en España. Y para recorrer bien ese camino es necesario primero contar con la transparencia del sector público. Proporcionar la información adecuada es un primer paso necesario no suficiente para cumplir con el principio de transparencia que ha de guiar la actuación de todo decisor de lo público. La descripción de la situación actual y algunas propuestas de desarrollo futuro han tratado de completar una visión tanto del estado actual de la situación en España cuanto de las potencialidades que algunos métodos e instrumentos proporcionan.
Examining the influence of tourism on beer demand in retail markets
(Taylor & Francis, 2023-08-07) López González, Alejandro; Moral, María J.; Taylor & Francis; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5515-5235; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0966-7034
Beer is a widely consumed beverage in Spain, particularly among the large numbers of tourists that visit our coastal regions. By taking into consideration the Spanish consumption statistics provided by the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Fisheries and Food, it is intended to measure the influence of tourism on beer sales, once having controlled the main factors of demand (prices, income, unemployment) and having avoided the multicollinearity between tourist frequentation and seasonality. It is concluded that tourism has a positive and significant impact on the relevant market of each region and month, as well as on the differences between the income of the local population and the one of tourists.

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