Persona: Gallardo Beltrán, Marta
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Gallardo Beltrán
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Publicación Land Use and Land Cover Changes in Depopulated Areas of Mediterranean Europe: A Case Study in Two Inland Provinces of Spain(MDPI, 2023-10-25) Vilar, Lara; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Fernández Portela, Julio; Cocero Matesanz, DavidDepopulation often leads to the abandonment of agricultural land and the resulting process of afforestation and reforestation. In this paper, we study the land use changes between 2000 and 2018 in two Spanish provinces, Soria and Teruel. The provinces chosen as case studies are of particular interest because they have some of the lowest population densities in Europe and continue to suffer depopulation processes that have been ongoing since the mid-20th century. The reasons for this are not immediately clear given that unlike other European regions with similar population density values, for example in Northern Scandinavia, they are not exposed to extreme climatic conditions, norare they located in isolated mountain regions. Using the CORINE Land Cover database, we observed that in both provinces, there has been an expansion in shrub and forest land uses and a decline in agriculture due largely to the fact that certain areas have been abandoned by their inhabitants, although in other parts of these provinces, the amount of land used for agriculture has increased. Urban growth over this period has been minimal. In the coming years, it seems likely that the population of these areas will continue to fall, given that the policies carried out over decades to try to revert this trend have not been successful.Publicación Bridging the rural-urban dichotomy in land use science(Taylor and Francis, 2020-11-06) Vliet, Jasper van; Birch Thomsen, Torben; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Hemerijckx, Lisa-Marie; Hersperger, Anna M.; Mengmeng Li; Tumwesigye, Samuel; Twongyirwe, Ronald; Rompaey, Anton Van; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3996-5278; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-4164-2486; http://orcid.org/0000-0003-4555-5897; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5407-533X; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5958-0941; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0085-3535; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5435-6887Rural and urban areas are often conceptualized as two separate entities and studied accordingly. However, in reality, they are related in multiple ways. Here we explore this relation between rural and urban areas from a land use perspective. We argue that land should be characterized along a gradient from rural to urban. Further, we argue that land use along this gradient typically combines both rural and urban functions. Finally, we point at the complex patterns of migration and mobility between different types of settlements, which is a multidirectional process that further blurs the distinction between rural and urban areas. These propositions are supported by examples from recent research and suggest the need for a more inclusive approach towards the analysis of rural and urban land use systems, as well as plans and policies that target these systems.Publicación Los Objetivos de Desarrollo Sostenible a través de la novela gráfica en la Educación Superior(Asociación Universitaria de Profesores de Didáctica de las Ciencias Sociales (AUPDCS). Universidad de Extremadura, 2021) Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; García Reyes, Manuel DavidLos objetivos de desarrollo sostenible (SDG), impulsados por Naciones Unidas, presentan una serie de metas a alcanzar en el año 2030. Para la consecución de los SDG es fundamental su incorporación en la enseñanza con el objeto de involucrar a los jóvenes y futuros agentes de cambio en su asimilación y aplicación. Las novelas gráficas, a partir de su análisis crítico, permiten reflexionar sobre un gran número de problemáticas y cómo éstas y los lugares geográficos son representados. Se presenta una actividad docente llevada a cabo en la enseñanza superior, en la que el alumnado examina nueve novelas gráficas con el objeto de analizar, desde una perspectiva geográfica, los diferentes SDG, observando la interrelación e interdependencia entre ellos y los contrastes y similitudes entre “realidad” y ficción. Mediante el análisis de diferentes problemáticas socioeconómicas y socio-ecológicas actuales y su debate en el aula, se desarrolla la capacidad de análisis, reflexión y discusión y se estimula el pensamiento crítico del alumnado desde una perspectiva cercana y creativa. El estudiantado se muestra motivado y satisfecho con la actividad, a pesar de las dificultades para desentrañar las diferentes problemáticas presentes en las novelas gráficas, habiendo incrementado sus conocimientos sobre los SDG, que eran, antes de esta experiencia, prácticamente nulos.Publicación Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps(Springer, 2022) Paegelow, Martin; Mas, Jean François; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Camacho Olmedo, María Teresa; García Álvarez, David; García Álvarez, D.; Camacho Olmedo, MT; Paegelow, M; Mas , JF; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-5312; http://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-9879; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-1543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3611-8003Several validation techniques based on the cross-tabulation matrix can be applied to validate Land Use Cover (LUC) maps. The exercises in this chapter focus, in particular, on the cross-tabulation techniques proposed by Robert Gilmore Pontius Jr., who has developed many indices and techniques in this field. Given his major contribution to this family of validation techniques, we have associated his name here with cross-tabulation techniques without this in any way implying that his scientific activity is limited to this field. The null model (Sect. 1) is especially useful for validating simulations, comparing the modelled map to a reference map with full persistence. LUCC budget (Sect. 2) only focusses on changes, which it splits into different components. This method can be used to compare the changes we want to validate with a reference set of changes, so providing interesting information as to how well our maps capture the dynamics of the landscape. Quantity and allocation disagreement (Sect. 3) analyse the differences between the reference map and the map being validated using two indices: disagreement in quantity and disagreement in allocation. The Figure of Merit (FoM) (Sect. 4) technique is used to validate a set of LUC changes by comparing them with a reference, distinguishing between different components of agreement: correctly simulated change, wrongly simulated or missing change. Incidents and States (Sect. 5) allows us to identify illogical transitions in a time series of maps by providing the number of states and transitions that a cell undergoes over the course of the series. Intensity analysis (Sect. 6) and Flow matrix (Sect. 7) also enable us to validate the logic of LUC changes in a time series of maps. Intensity analysis provides information on the speed of changes, identifying those transitions or changes that do not follow a logical trend, while the flow matrix enables us to spot unstable changes in a series of maps. In this chapter, we present examples of how these techniques can be used in different cases: to validate single LUC maps, to validate a series of maps with two or more time points, to validate simulated changes against a reference map of changes and to validate changes simulated by various models. All these techniques are illustrated by exercises using datasets from the Asturias Central Area and the Ariège Valley.Publicación Dinámicas de cambios en los usos del suelo en Soria y Teruel (2000-2018)(Asociación Española de Geografía (AGE) y Universidad de La Rioja, 2023) Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Fernández Portela, Julio; Cocero Matesanz, David; Vilar del Hoyo, Lara; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0872-1235El interés por el seguimiento y análisis de los cambios de usos del suelo ha experimentado un crecimiento importante debido a su papel en la comprensión de las dinámicas de cambio a nivel global. La mayoría de los estudios se han centrado en las dinámicas de crecimiento urbano, en el avance de la deforestación y la intensificación agrícola. Sin embargo, los cambios de usos del suelo en zonas en despoblamiento siguen siendo poco conocidos. En este trabajo se realiza un análisis comparativo de los cambios de usos del suelo en dos provincias españolas en despoblamiento, Soria y Teruel, entre los años 2000 y 2018. Para ello se emplea la base de datos Corine Land Cover, obteniendo estadísticas descriptivas sobre dichos cambios, así como su localización geográfica. Se observa que ambas provincias poseen dinámicas de cambios de usos similares, con un crecimiento urbano muy moderado, comparado con la dinámica nacional, y donde la mayor transformación se corresponde con la naturalización de tierras agrícolas. Se espera que los resultados permitan analizar la correlación existente entre dichos cambios y sus factores explicativos, con el objeto de fomentar el necesario debate en torno a la gestión del territorio en estas áreas de estudio.Publicación Modelling Land Use and Land Cover Changes in the Mediterranean Agricultural Ecosystems(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Martínez Vega, Javier; Mili, Samir; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Vlontzos, George; Ampatzidis, Yiannis; Manos, Basil; Pardalos, Panos; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8519-120X; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3835-9310Land use and land cover (LULC) is a powerful driver of sustainable landscape development, conservation and management. This is especially true for Mediterranean agricultural landscapes, which are increasingly sensitive to human activities, water scarcity and climate change. Therefore, this study investigates the patterns, dynamics and driving forces of LULC changes affecting Mediterranean agricultural ecosystems, taking southern Spain (regions of Andalusia and Murcia) as a representative case study. Analysis of LULC change facilitates the design of policies to balance competing uses, development pressures and conservation imperatives. Cartographic modelling of LULC changes was applied using the level-3 44 classes of CORINE Land Cover (CLC) maps for 2006 and 2018. Cross-tabulation techniques and descriptive statistics of land uses (persistence, gains, losses, total change, net change and annual change) have been used. LULC change processes have been geographically localized and correlated with their driving factors using logistic regression modelling. Part of these factors are environmental and biophysical (topography, climate, soils, aquifers, protected areas) whereas others are socioeconomic (accessibility, agricultural and environmental policies, natural resource management plans, urban planning, among others). GUIDOS software has been used to compute a fragmentation index of agricultural landscape that contributes to understanding ecological implications of the LULC changes within agricultural semi-natural ecosystems in the study area. Results indicate inter alia that in both regions over 81,000 hectares of agricultural land have changed their use status toward other non-agricultural uses during 2006-2018 due to diverse processes of LULC change, generating significant socioeconomic and environmental implications. Agricultural lands have experienced inverse processes such as crop intensification and extension of irrigated crops, as well as reduction in rainfed arable land and agroforestry areas. It is expected that the results obtained can help policymakers and managers responsible for agricultural and environmental policies in their decision-making processes, including decisions related to agricultural land management, crop diversification, and allocation of the CAP and the agri-environmental payments. Results also could be useful for other countries holding similar agricultural ecosystemsPublicación Story maps y trabajos de campo virtuales para la enseñanza del cambio global(Universidad de Castilla La Mancha, 2023) Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Lázaro Torres, María Luisa de; García González, Juan AntonioEl cambio global es uno de los mayores retos a los que se enfrenta nuestra sociedad, entendido este como los cambios planetarios ocasionados por las relaciones de la sociedad con el medio físico, incluyendo, entre otros, el cambio climático y sus efectos derivados de las actividades humanas. Con el objeto de averiguar hasta qué punto el cambio global es objeto de estudio en las universidades se realizan 25 entrevistas a docentes de diferentes universidades europeas. Se defiende que es posible impulsar, como elemento transversal en la enseñanza, el trabajo de campo virtual para visibilizar los cambios globales. Con esta finalidad se han seleccionado distintos story maps que muestran trabajos de campo virtuales relacionados con el cambio global, ofreciéndolos como una de las posibilidades metodológicas que pueden ser utilizadas para introducir el concepto del cambio global y sus posibles consecuencias en el aula.Publicación Validation of Land Use Cover Maps: A Guideline(Springer, 2022) Camacho Olmedo, María Teresa; García Álvarez, David; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Mas, Jean Francois; Paegelow, Martin; Castillo Santiago, Miguel Ángel; Molinero Parejo, Ramón; García Álvarez, D.; Camacho Olmedo, MT; Paegelow, M; Mas, JF; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3178-1543; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3611-8003; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6138-9879; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-9254-5312; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3024-5514; http://orcid.org/0000-0001-7406-8604This chapter offers a general overview of the available tools and strategies for validating Land Use Cover (LUC) data—specifically LUC maps—and Land Use Cover Change Modelling (LUCCM) exercises. We give readers some guidelines according to the type of maps they want to validate: single LUC maps (Sect. 3), time series of LUC maps (Sect. 4) or the results of LUCCM exercises (Sect. 5). Despite the fact that some of the available methods are applicable to all these maps, each type of validation exercise has its own particularities which must be taken into account. Each section of this chapter starts with a brief introduction about the specific type of maps (single, time series or modelling exercises) and the reference data needed to validate them. We also present the validation methods/functions and the corresponding exercises developed in Part III of this book. To this end, we address, in this order, the tools for validating Land Use Cover data based on basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross-Tabulation (see chapter “Basic and Multiple-Resolution Cross Tabulation to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), metrics based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Metrics Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), Pontius Jr. methods based on the Cross-Tabulation matrix (see chapter “Pontius Jr. Methods Based on a Cross-Tabulation Matrix to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), validation practices with soft maps produced by Land Use Cover models (see chapter “Validation of Soft Maps Produced by a Land Use Cover Change Model”), spatial metrics (see chapter “Spatial Metrics to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”), advanced pattern analysis (see chapter “Advanced Pattern Analysis to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”) and geographically weighted methods (see chapter “Geographically Weighted Methods to Validate Land Use Cover Maps”).Publicación Global Change Challenge in the Higher Education Curriculum on the approach of Blended Learning(European Association of Geographers (EUROGEO), 2023-05-15) Leininger Frézal, Caroline; Sprenger, Sandra; Lázaro Torres, María Luisa de; Rodríguez Domenech, María Ángeles; Heidari, Neli; Pigaki, Maria; Naudet, Cédric; Lecomte, Aurore; Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0890-6408; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9599-8103; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6000-4279; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6694-9492Global change is one of the greatest challenges facing societies today. Higher education plays a crucial role in providing knowledge on global change, contributing to the achievement of the Sustain-able Development Goals (SDGs) and the 2030 Agenda for Sustainable Development. How is global change integrated into the planned, delivered and achieved curriculum? Has the pandemic promoted the development of blended learning courses on global change? To answer these two research ques-tions, we conducted 25 interviews with academics about the prominence of global change in their courses and curriculum. We also analysed several geography curricula. It emerged that universities play a central role in mainstreaming global change into curricula in the context of education for sustainable development (ESD) and climate change. There were two main findings: (i) ESD has been implemented selectively in higher geography education, with a focus on environmental issues and different ap-proaches and (ii) blended learning is a useful approach to develop new curriculum structures and con-tent to educate students about global change.Publicación Using the European CORINE Land Cover Database: A 2011–2021 Specific Review(Springer, 2023) Gallardo Beltrán, Marta; Cocero Matesanz, DavidLand use and land cover changes (LULCC) are social, climatic and ecolog-ical changes that take place at multiple spatial and time scales. The study of these changes offers us a better understanding of the evolution of the territory and the changes that take place in its natural and cultural values. In Europe, the CORINE Land Cover (CLC) database is crucially important for monitoring these changes. As of today, it includes different maps of the land uses and covers in up to 39 countries, drawn in a standardized way. Within the context of the Sustainable Development Goals proposed by United Nations Agenda 2030 on Life on Earth, CORINE can provide essential information for a full understanding of the current situation of Goal 15 (Life on Land) so as to facilitate the design of sustainable policies for spatial planning and organization. In this paper, we perform a bibliographical review of the use of the CLC database. On the basis of qualitative and quantitative analyses, we analyse 77 publications indexed in the Web of Science Core Collection, published between 2011 and 2021, which include the word “CORINE” in the title. We observe increasing interest in the use of the CLC as a means of tracking the LULCC that have taken place and their impact on environmental issues such as deforestation, the pressures on protected natural areas and the soil erosion risk, among others. Other researchers analyse the CLC itself, assessing its accuracy and applicability with other sources and databases. Most of the papers refer to the maps for the years 2000 and 2006, using Level 3 of the thematic legend to study particular issues or dynamics at a local level. As regards the location of the institutions that use the CLC, those situated in Spain, Poland and Romania stand out. There were few links between the authors of these publications.