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Mayas Arellano, Julia

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Mayas Arellano
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    Procesos atencionales y sistemas de memoria en el envejecimiento
    (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología Básica II, 2008-12-19) Mayas Arellano, Julia; Ballesteros Jiménez, Soledad; Fuentes Melero, Luis
    El envejecimiento constituye un importante proceso biológico en el que se producen numerosos cambios tantos fisiológicos como cognitivos. Los avances económicos, sociales y científicos han alargado no sólo la esperanza de vida, sino que ha hecho que las condiciones físicas y mentales a las que se llega a la vejez sean cada vez más saludables. Pero el aumento de la esperanza de vida viene acompañado de un incremento en el número de personas afectadas por trastornos cognitivos, como el deterior cognitivo leve, y por enfermedades asociadas a la edad, como es el caso de las demencias. Una de las cuestiones más importantes en la actualidad es intentar encontrar marcadores cognitivos que ayuden a predecir que una determinada persona va a desarrollar una demencia con el fin de prevenir, tratar y mejorar la calidad de vida de estas personas. Entre los marcadores cognitivos asociados al envejecimiento patológico parece que podrían encontrarse el deterioro de ciertos procesos de atención y algunos tipos de memoria. Concretamente, se ha encontrado que cuando se compromete la atención selectiva durante la codificación estimular al presentar dos estímulos (uno atendido y otro no atendido) los niños en edad escolar, jóvenes adultos y mayores sanos presentan una actuación similar en tareas de memoria implícita equivalente a la de los adultos jóvenes (presentan facilitación para los estímulos atendidos). Por el contrario, mayores con déficit cognitivo leve y pacientes con demencia tipo Alzheimer, que presentan una memoria implícita normal cuando no se compromete su atención durante la codificación estimular (se presenta un único estimulo al que tienen que atender), no presentan esta facilitación perceptiva, ni siquiera para los estímulos atendidos, en situaciones en la que se presentan dos estímulos, uno atendido y otro no atendido, durante la fase de codificación. Los objetivos principales de esta Tesis han sido dos. El primero, estudiar los procesos de facilitación e inhibición de la atención en el envejecimiento. El segundo objetivo ha sido investigar la influencia de los procesos de orientación de la atención espacial en la memoria implícita y explícita, y los cambios que se producen en el envejecimiento normal. Para conseguir estos objetivos se han realizado los cuatro experimentos que se describen a continuación y que constituyen esta Tesis Doctoral.1.En el primer experimento dos grupos de participantes (un grupo de jóvenes y otro de mayores sanos) realizaron dos tareas de orientación de la atención, orientación endógena y orientación exógena. El objetivo de este estudio fue estudiar los cambios que se producen en magnitud y curso temporal de estos dos tipos de orientación de la atención, un tipo de orientación más automática (orientación exógena) y otro que exige un mayor procesamiento controlado durante el envejecimiento, la orientación endógena.2.En el segundo experimento, jóvenes y mayores realizaron una tarea experimental en la que se midieron simultáneamente dos procesos de inhibición atencional, un proceso más automático, el efecto de priming negativo y un proceso más controlado, como es el caso del efecto Stroop con el fin de comprobar el posible deterioro de estos procesos inhibitorios en el envejecimiento.3.El tercer experimento estudió la influencia de la orientación espacial de la atención en los sistemas de memoria implícita y explícita. En el experimento se manipuló la atención durante la fase de codificación de la información en jóvenes y mayores para investigar los cambios producidos con la edad.4.En el último experimento de la Tesis se estudió también la influencia de la atención en la memoria a largo plazo en adultos jóvenes y en mayores manipulando, en esta ocasión, los procesos de facilitación e inhibición atencional durante la fase de recuperación de la información.
  • Miniatura
    Publicación
    Evidence of emotion dysregulation as a core symptom of adult ADHD: A systematic review
    (PLOS, 2023-01-06) Soler Gutiérrez, Ana María; Pérez González, Juan Carlos; Mayas Arellano, Julia; Yoshiyuki Tachibana
    Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) is a developmental disorder, with an onset in childhood, that accompanies the person throughout their life, with prevalence between 3 and 5% in adults. Recent studies point towards a fourth core symptom of the disorder related to the emotional information processing that would explain the repercussions that ADHD has on the social, academic, and professional life of the people affected. This review aims to describe emotion dysregulation features as well as the brain activity associated in adults with ADHD. A search of the scientific literature was launched in specialized databases: PsycInfo, Medline, Eric, PsycArticle, Psicodoc and Scopus, following PRISMA guidelines. Twenty-two articles met the inclusion criteria: (a) an ADHD clinical diagnosis, (b) participants over 18 years old, (c) emotion regulation measurement, (d) empirical studies, and (c) in English. Due to the heterogeneity of the studies included, they were classified into three sections: measures and features of emotion regulation (ER) in people with ADHD, neurological and psychophysiological activity related to ER, and treatments. The studies found that meet the selection criteria are scarce and very heterogeneous both in aims and in sample features. Adults with ADHD show a more frequent use of non-adaptive emotion regulation strategies compared to people without ADHD symptoms. Moreover, emotion dysregulation was associated with symptom severity, executive functioning, psychiatric comorbidities, and even with criminal conviction. Different patterns of brain activity were observed when people with and without ADHD were compared. These results may suggest that psychopharmacological treatments as well as behavioral therapies could be useful tools for improving emotional difficulties in adult ADHD.
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    Emotion processing difficulties in ADHD: a Bayesian meta-analysis study
    (Springer, 2025) Soler Gutiérrez, Ana María; Sánchez Carmona, Alberto J.; Albert Bitaubé, Jacobo; Hinojosa, Jose; Cortese, Samuele; Bellato, Alessio; Mayas Arellano, Julia; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6538-9801; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7482-9503; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5877-8075; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5330-6773
    We investigated whether there is an emotional processing deficit in ADHD and whether this only applies to specific emotional categories. In this PRISMA-compliant systematic review based on a pre-registered protocol (https://osf.io/egp7d), we searched MEDLINE, PsycINFO, ERIC, Scopus and Web of Science databases until 3rd December 2023, to identify empirical studies comparing emotional processing in individuals meeting DSM (version III to 5-TR) or ICD (version 9 or 10) criteria for Attention Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD) and in a non-psychiatric control group. Study quality was assessed with the Appraisal tool for Cross-Sectional Studies (AXIS). Eighty studies were included and meta-analysed (encompassing 6191 participants and 465 observations). Bayesian meta-analyses were conducted to compare individuals with ADHD and non-psychiatric controls on overall emotional processing measures (meta-analysis 1) and across emotional categories (meta-analysis 2). The type of stimulus employed, outcome measurement reported, age, sex, and medication status were analysed as moderators. We found poorer performance in both overall emotion processing (g =  − 0.65) and across emotional categories (anger g =  − 0.37; disgust g =  − 0.24; fear g =  − 0.37; sadness g =  − 0.34; surprise g =  − 0.26; happiness/positive g =  − 0.31; negative g =  − 0.20; neutral g =  − 0.25) for individuals with ADHD compared to non-psychiatric controls. Scales items and accuracy outcome being the most effective moderators in detecting such differences. No effects of age, sex, or medication status were found. Overall, these results show that impaired emotional processing is a relevant feature of ADHD and suggest that it should be systematically assessed in clinical practice.
  • Miniatura
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    Memory and metamemory in everyday settings: Assessing recall, recognition, and naming using car brand logos
    (Wiley, 2024-01-01) Mayas Arellano, Julia; Prieto Lara, Antonio; Montoro Martínez, Pedro Raúl
    Previous research on incidental memory in everyday settings has shown that frequent exposure to stimuli does not guarantee accurate representation in memory. In two studies, we explored the memory and metamemory of car brand logos using recall (drawing) and recognition tasks (Study 1) or a naming task (Study 2). The results showed that memory accuracy for logos was modest in the recall and recognition tasks; nevertheless, the participants' accuracy in naming the visually displayed car logos was almost perfect. The participants showed overconfidence in their ability to recall and recognize car logos prior to their performance, which was adjusted after completing the recall task. Overconfidence was absent in the naming tasks. These results replicate the modest visual memory and metacognitive adjustments in recall and recognition tasks found in previous studies and contrast with participants' better memory performance and metacognitive adjustments in the naming task.
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    Interaction dynamics between grouping principles in touch: phenomenological and psychophysical evidence
    (Springer, 2018-05-24) Prieto Lara, Antonio; Mayas Arellano, Julia; Ballesteros Jiménez, Soledad
    In two experiments, we investigated the interactions between the grouping principles of spatial proximity and texture similarity in touch. For that purpose, we adapted to touch two paradigms widely employed in vision. In Experiment 1, we used an experimental phenomenological task consisting of rating the strength of grouping in both acting alone and conjoined cooperative and competitive conditions. In Experiment 2, participants performed a psychophysical task in which an objective (in)correct response was defined by selectively attending to one grouping cue in different blocks of trials. The results showed that spatial proximity dominated over texture similarity when the two principles were conjoined in competition. In addition, the present results are compatible with an additive model of grouping effects as indicated by the greater grouping effect in the cooperative condition and the smaller grouping effect in the competitive condition relative to a.0cting alone grouping principles. The similarities and differences between vision and touch are discussed.
  • Miniatura
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    Behavioral and electrophysiological correlates of interactions between grouping principles in touch: Evidence from psychophysical indirect tasks
    (Elsevier, 2019-06-01) Prieto Lara, Antonio; Mayas Arellano, Julia; Ballesteros Jiménez, Soledad
    In two experiments we investigated the behavioral and brain correlates of the interactions between spatial-proximity and texture-similarity grouping principles in touch. We designed two adaptations of the repetition discrimination task (RDT) previously used in vision. This task provides an indirect measure of grouping that does not require explicit attention to the grouping process. In Experiment 1, participants were presented with a row of elements alternating in texture except for one pair in which the same texture was repeated. The participants had to decide whether the repeated texture stimuli (similarity grouping) were smooth or rough, while the spatial proximity between targets and distractors was varied either to facilitate or hinder the response. In Experiment 2, participants indicated which cohort (proximity grouping) contained more elements, while texture-similarity within and between cohorts was modified. The results indicated additive effects of grouping cues in which proximity dominated the perceptual grouping process when the two principles acted together. In addition, the independent component analysis (ICA) performed on electrophysiological data revealed the implication of a widespread network of sensorimotor, prefrontal, parietal and occipital brain areas in both experiments.
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    Inducing strategies to solve a mental rotation task is possible: evidence from a sex-related eye-tracking analysis
    (Taylor and Francis Group, 2024-12-08) Fernández Méndez, Laura María; Cepero Amores, Laura; Orenes Casanova, Isabel; Prieto Lara, Antonio; Rodán, Antonio; Montoro, Pedro R; Mayas Arellano, Julia; Cabestrero Alonso, Raúl; Contreras Alcalde, María José
    The study of spatial skills is gaining importance due to their relevance in everyday activities and their critical role in developing competencies across various academic disciplines. The main goal of this study was to explore whether mental rotation strategies, such as the so-called holistic –rotating an entire object- and piecemeal –rotating individual parts of the object- approaches, can be induced, and whether sex differences emerge during the process of strategy induction. This objective holds a pivotal role as it could lead to the enhancement of mental rotation abilities and the development of effective interventions. To achieve this, a mental rotation task was conducted while eye movements were recorded. In the first block, participants solved the task freely, while in the second block, they received instructions to solve it through either a holistic (42 participants) or a piecemeal (43 participants) strategy in a between-subjects design. In both strategies, participants showed better performance in the second block compared to the first. Males outperformed females. The holistic strategy resulted in faster reaction times in the second block. The number of fixations and saccadic movements decreased in the second block compared to the first for the holistic strategy, while the piecemeal strategy exhibited the opposite ocular pattern. These results indicate that effective mental rotation strategies were successfully elicited. No sex differences were found in the analyzed eye movement variables.
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    Effects of Nonaction Videogames on Attention and Memory in Young Adults
    (Mary Ann Liebert, Inc., 2019-11-26) Eloisa Ruiz-Márquez; Prieto Lara, Antonio; Mayas Arellano, Julia; Toril Barrera, Pilar; Reales Avilés, José Manuel; Ballesteros Jiménez, Soledad
    Objective: In this intervention study, we investigated the benefits of nonaction videogames on measures of selective attention and visuospatial working memory (WM) in young adults. Materials and Methods: Forty-eight young adults were randomly assigned to the experimental group or to the active control group. The experimental group played 10 nonaction adaptive videogames selected from Lumosity, whereas the active control group played two nonadaptive simulation-strategy games (SimCity and The Sims). Participants in both groups completed 15 training sessions of 30 minutes each. The training was conducted in small groups. All the participants were tested individually before and after training to assess possible transfer effects to selective attention, using a Cross-modal Oddball task, inhibition with the Stroop task, and visuospatial WM enhancements with the Corsi blocks task. Results: Participants improved videogame performance across the training sessions. The results of the transfer tasks show that the two groups benefited similarly from game training. They were less distracted and improved visuospatial WM. Conclusion: Overall, there was no significant interaction between group (group trained with adaptive nonaction videogames and the active control group that played simulation games) and session (pre- and post-assessment). As we did not have a passive nonintervention control group, we cannot conclude that adaptive nonaction videogames had a positive effect, because some external factors might account for the pre- and post-test improvements observed in both groups.