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Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro

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https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-3031
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Borrego Ruiz
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Alejandro
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2023 - 202530
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Mostrando 1 - 10 de 30
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    Publicación
    Neurodevelopmental Disorders Associated with Gut Microbiome Dysbiosis in Children
    (MDPI, 2024-06-28) Borrego García, Juan José; Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro
    The formation of the human gut microbiome initiates in utero, and its maturation is established during the first 2–3 years of life. Numerous factors alter the composition of the gut microbiome and its functions, including mode of delivery, early onset of breastfeeding, exposure to antibiotics and chemicals, and maternal stress, among others. The gut microbiome–brain axis refers to the interconnection of biological networks that allow bidirectional communication between the gut microbiome and the brain, involving the nervous, endocrine, and immune systems. Evidence suggests that the gut microbiome and its metabolic byproducts are actively implicated in the regulation of the early brain development. Any disturbance during this stage may adversely affect brain functions, resulting in a variety of neurodevelopmental disorders (NDDs). In the present study, we reviewed recent evidence regarding the impact of the gut microbiome on early brain development, alongside its correlation with significant NDDs, such as autism spectrum disorder, attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder, Tourette syndrome, cerebral palsy, fetal alcohol spectrum disorders, and genetic NDDs (Rett, Down, Angelman, and Turner syndromes). Understanding changes in the gut microbiome in NDDs may provide new chances for their treatment in the future.
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    Nutritional and Microbial Strategies for Treating Acne, Alopecia, and Atopic Dermatitis
    (MPDI, 2024-10-20) Borrego, Juan J.; Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; Guandalini, Stephano
    Background/Objectives: Diet is one of the major determinants of the composition and function of the gut microbiome, and diverse studies have established directional connections between gut microbiome dysbiosis and skin dyshomeostasis. Furthermore, a significant link between the gut and certain skin-related disorders has been reported. This work reviews the mechanisms underlying the relationship between nutritional factors, gut microbiome, and certain skin diseases such as acne vulgaris, alopecia, and atopic dermatitis. In addition, it explores how the modulation of the gut microbiome and human skin through diet and various microbial strategies, including probiotics, synbiotics, postbiotics, and fecal microbiota transplantation, may serve as future treatments for skin diseases, possibly replacing traditional methods such as antibiotic, topical corticosteroid, and laser therapies. Results: The adequate intake of certain foods can promote a balanced gut microbiome, potentially reducing skin inflammation and improving overall skin health, while poor dietary choices may lead to worse outcomes by disrupting gut homeostasis. In this regard, diets high in antioxidants, fiber, and phytonutrients appear to be beneficial for enhancing skin health and preventing associated comorbidities. In addition, the administration of probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics in the treatment of cutaneous diseases has been shown to restore skin dyshomeostasis and to improve the symptoms of the reviewed skin conditions. Conclusions: Consuming a healthy, plant-based diet can reduce skin inflammation and enhance overall skin health. Although the application of probiotics, synbiotics, and postbiotics has demonstrated promise in modulating inflammation, enhancing tissue regeneration, and inhibiting pathogenic colonization, further research is required.
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    Nutritional psychiatry: A novel approach to the treatment of mental health disorders
    (Actas Españolas de Psiquiatría, 2025-03-05) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; Borrego, Juan J.
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    Influence of human gut microbiome on the healthy and the neurodegenerative aging
    (Elsevier, 2024-07-27) Borrego García, Juan José ; Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro
    The gut microbiome plays a crucial role in host health throughout the lifespan by influencing brain function during aging. The microbial diversity of the human gut microbiome decreases during the aging process and, as a consequence, several mechanisms increase, such as oxidative stress, mitochondrial dysfunction, inflammatory response, and microbial gut dysbiosis. Moreover, evidence indicates that aging and neurodegeneration are closely related; consequently, the gut microbiome may serve as a novel marker of lifespan in the elderly. In this narrative study, we investigated how the changes in the composition of the gut microbiome that occur in aging influence to various neuropathological disorders, such as mild cognitive impairment (MCI), dementia, Alzheimer’s disease (AD), and Parkinson’s disease (PD); and which are the possible mechanisms that govern the relationship between the gut microbiome and cognitive impairment. In addition, several studies suggest that the gut microbiome may be a potential novel target to improve hallmarks of brain aging and to promote healthy cognition; therefore, current and future therapeutic interventions have been also reviewed.
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    Una revisión actual sobre enfoques terapéuticos microbianos destinados a mejorar las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores
    (Sociedad Española de Enfermería Geriátrica y Gerontológica, 2024-09) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; Juan J. Borrego
    Objetivos: En la presente revisión, se sintetizan y evalúan los conocimientos actuales sobre los moduladores microbianos que poseen la capacidad de potenciar la función cognitiva en personas mayores. Asimismo, se exploran las nuevas estrategias existentes para su implementación en el tratamiento de condiciones clínicas difíciles de abordar, como el deterioro cognitivo leve y las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Metodología: Revisión narrativa enfocada en analizar la literatura sobre intervenciones microbianas en el envejecimiento neurocognitivo. Entre abril y mayo de 2024, se consultaron diversas fuentes bibliográficas y se seleccionaron estudios relevantes para ofrecer una visión actualizada y completa del tema. Resultados: Se han revisado 34 intervenciones enfocadas en mejorar la salud cognitiva de los adultos mayores mediante la terapéutica microbiana. Existen pocos estudios clínicos basados en la utilización de psicobióticos para paliar el cuadro sindrómico asociado a las enfermedades neurodegenerativas. Los resultados más prometedores se han obtenido aplicando tratamientos probióticos, aunque las terapias prebióticas y sinbióticas también han demostrado alentadoras perspectivas. El trasplante de microbiota fecal parece ser una herramienta efectiva, pero todavía quedan muchas cuestiones por resolver antes de implementar un uso generalizado de este tipo de tratamiento. Conclusiones: Los estudios analizados reflejan resultados alentadores, pero su implementación clínica precisa de una comprensión más profunda respecto a los mecanismos subyacentes. Por este motivo, se requieren ensayos clínicos controlados y longitudinales que permitan identificar los beneficios de la terapéutica microbiana en la salud mental durante el envejecimiento. Esclarecer los factores que modulan las respuestas individuales resulta fundamental para desarrollar intervenciones personalizadas y enfocadas en el microbioma intestinal. A tal respecto, la terapia con psicobióticos puede constituir una prometedora estrategia de intervención para mejorar las funciones cognitivas en adultos mayores.
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    Psicobióticos: Una nueva perspectiva para el tratamiento del estrés, de la ansiedad y de la depresión
    (Sociedad Española para el Estudio de la Ansiedad y el Estrés - SEAS. Colegio de la Psicología de Madrid, 2024-08-05) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro
    Los psicobióticos son una nueva clase de psicotrópicos que incluyen microorganismos vivos y sustancias que ejercen un efecto beneficioso en pacientes con psicopatologías. Los trastornos psicológicos afectan a millones de personas en todo el mundo, siendo los más frecuentes aquellos que implican el padecimiento de estrés, ansiedad y depresión. Tradicionalmente, estos trastornos han sido tratados por medio de una amplia gama de terapias, tanto psicológicas como farmacológicas. Recientemente se ha evidenciado que la disfunción del eje intestino-cerebro puede estar implicada en estas afecciones, y que la restauración del ecosistema microbiano alterado podría constituir un instrumento útil para la prevención y el tratamiento de diversas psicopatologías. El objetivo del presente trabajo es realizar una revisión narrativa sobre las intervenciones que utilizan los distintos psicobióticos (probióticos, prebióticos, sinbióticos, posbióticos, y paraprobióticos) para mejorar diversos trastornos psicológicos en humanos, principalmente relacionados con el estrés, la ansiedad y la depresión. Asimismo, se plantean varias perspectivas futuras de su aplicación en las intervenciones terapéuticas de los citados trastornos.
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    Impact of the Covid-19 Pandemic on Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder: A Mini-Review
    (Stripe Journals, 2024) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro
    The COVID-19 pandemic has been accompanied by global messaging about prevention strategies, and by measures aimed to control the transmission, significantly impacting the prevalence of obsessivecompulsive disorder and the quality of life of those affected by the condition. The present review work is aimed to analyze the most recent literature about the influence of the COVID-19 pandemic on obsessivecompulsive disorder. Multiple studies indicated a notable rise in the prevalence and severity of obsessivecompulsive symptoms. The studies also illustrated varying impacts of the pandemic on different populations. Contamination-related obsessive-compulsive symptoms worsened due to public health messaging and the associated responsibility to prevent harm, reflecting the broader psychological implications of the pandemic's context. In addition, various studies identified maladaptive coping mechanisms in response to pandemic-related stress, particularly among individuals with severe psychiatric disorders. Furthermore, the pandemic accelerated the adoption of tele-psychotherapy as a viable treatment option. Given the long-term implications of the COVID-19 pandemic on mental health, ongoing research is critical to understanding its impact on obsessive-compulsive disorder and other anxiety disorders. This review underscores the necessity for customized therapeutic strategies and public health approaches that acknowledge the complex interaction between mental health, societal stressors, and treatment accessibility in the evolving landscape of global health crises.
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    The Role of Fermented Vegetables as a Sustainable and Health-Promoting Nutritional Resource
    (MDPI, 2024-11-23) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; González Domenech, Carmen María; Borrego, Juan J.
    The increasing global burden of morbidity and mortality from chronic diseases related to poor diet quality, coupled with the unsustainable depletion of vital planetary resources by current food production systems, threatens future food security and highlights the urgent need to transition to high-quality plant-based diets as a viable solution to mitigate economic, health, and environmental challenges. Taking into consideration the significant role that fermented vegetables may play as a sustainable, healthy, long-lasting, and plant-based nutritional resource, this narrative review analyzes their production and benefits. For this purpose, the mechanisms of the fermentation process are explored, along with the importance of probiotic cultures in plant-based fermented foods, and with the implications of fermentation on food safety within the broader framework of low-impact, organic, plant-derived nutrition. Additionally, the health benefits of fermented vegetables and probiotics are examined, including their effects on mental health. Vegetable fermentation is a versatile method for enhancing food preservation, nutritional quality, and safety. This ancient practice prolongs the shelf life of perishable items, reduces the toxicity of raw ingredients, and improves digestibility. Specific starter cultures, particularly lactic acid bacteria, are essential for controlling fermentation, ensuring safety, and maximizing health benefits. Fermented vegetables, rich in probiotics, support gut health and immune function. Emerging research indicates their potential to alleviate adverse mental health symptoms such as stress and anxiety, highlighting their significance in modern dietary guidelines and chronic health management.
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    Motivación intrínseca y consumo de drogas: una revisión de estudios sobre los motivos de curiosidad y de expansión
    (Universidad Miguel Hernández, 2024-08-02) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4699-3031
    Introducción: El inicio en el consumo de drogas suele ocurrir durante la juventud de las personas, debido a motivos como la curiosidad y el afán por experimentar. Objetivo: Este trabajo tuvo como finalidad analizar una selección de estudios recientes que abordan y resaltan los motivos intrínsecos de curiosidad y de expansión vinculados al consumo de drogas. Método: Se llevó a cabo una búsqueda bibliográfica con el propósito de seleccionar artículos en función de una serie de criterios establecidos. Un total de 32 artículos fueron incluidos en la revisión para su posterior evaluación. Resultados: El motivo intrínseco más frecuentemente reportado en los estudios fue el de curiosidad (62.5%), seguido por los motivos de expansión (56.25%), que implican la experimentación, la autoexploración y la búsqueda de una compresión más profunda. Conclusiones: Que la curiosidad se sitúe como uno de los principales motivos entre la población para el acercamiento a las drogas constituye un dato de crucial importancia con vistas a la elaboración de programas que fomenten el conocimiento y que disipen la incertidumbre propia de los jóvenes, especialmente de los que son adolescentes, dado que es la etapa vital en la que se suele dar el primer contacto con estas sustancias.
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    Involvement of virus infections and antiviral agents in schizophrenia
    (Cambridge University Press, 2025-03-10) Borrego Ruiz, Alejandro; Borrego, Juan J.
    Background. Schizophrenia is a chronic and complex mental disorder resulting from interactions between cumulative and synergistic genetic and environmental factors. Viral infection during the prenatal stage constitutes one of the most relevant risk factors for the development of schizophrenia later in adulthood. Methods. A narrative review was conducted to explore the link between viral infections and schizophrenia, as well as the neuropsychiatric effects of antiviral drugs, particularly in the context of this specific mental condition. Literature searches were performed using the PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science databases. Results. Several viral infections, such as herpesviruses, influenza virus, Borna disease virus, and coronaviruses, can directly or indirectly disrupt normal fetal brain development by modifying gene expression in the maternal immune system, thereby contributing to the pathophysiological symptoms of schizophrenia. In addition, neuropsychiatric effects caused by antiviral drugs are frequent and represent significant adverse outcomes for viral treatment. Conclusions. Epidemiological evidence suggests a potential relationship between viruses and schizophrenia. Increases in inflammatory cytokine levels and changes in the expression of key genes observed in several viral infections may constitute potential links between these viral infections and schizophrenia. Furthermore, antivirals may affect the central nervous system, although for most drugs, their mechanisms of action are still unclear, and a strong relationship between antivirals and schizophrenia has not yet been established.