Persona: Moreno Bella, Eva
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Moreno Bella
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Eva
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Publicación Switching Languages, Switching Palabras (Words): An Electrophysiological Study of Code Switching(Elsevier, 2002-02) Federmeier, Kara D.; Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaSwitching languages has often been associated with a processing cost. In this study, the authors used event-related potentials to compare switches between two languages with within-language lexical switches as bilinguals read for comprehension. Stimuli included English sentences and idioms ending either with the expected English words, their Spanish translations (code switches), or English synonyms (lexical switches). As expected, lexical switches specifically enhanced the N400 response in both context types. Code switches, by contrast, elicited an increased negativity over left fronto-central sites in the regular nonidiomatic sentences (250–450 ms) and a large posterior positivity (450–850 ms) in both context types. In addition, both lexical and code switches elicited a late frontal positivity (650–850 ms) relative to expected completions, especially in idioms. Analysis of the individual response patterns showed correlations with vocabulary skills in English and in Spanish. Overall, the electrophysiological data suggest that for some speakers in some contexts, the processing of a code switch may actually be less costly than the processing of an unexpected within-language item.Publicación Effects of transient, mild mood states on semantic memory organization and use: an event-related potential investigation in humans(Elsevier, 2001-06) Federmeier, Kara D.; Kirsonb, Donald A.; Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaThe effects of transient mood states on semantic memory organization and use were investigated using event-related potentials. Participants read sentence pairs ending with (1) the most expected word, (2) an unexpected word from the expected semantic category, or (3) an unexpected word from a different (related) category; half the pairs were read under neutral mood and half under positive mood. Under neutral mood, N400 amplitudes were smallest for expected items and smaller for unexpected items when these came from the expected category. In contrast, under positive mood, N400 amplitudes to the two types of unexpected items did not differ. Positive mood seemed to speci®cally facilitate the processing of distantly-related, unexpected items. The results suggest that transient mood states are associated with dynamic changes in how semantic memory is used on-line.Publicación Syntactic expectancy: an event-related potentials study(Elsevier, 2005-04-11) Hinojosa, José Antonio; Casado, Pilar; Pozo García, Miguel Ángel; Moreno Bella, Eva; Muñoz Ibáñez, Francisco JavierAlthough extensive work has been conducted in order to study expectancies about semantic information, little effort has been dedicated to the study of the influence of expectancies in the processing of forthcoming syntactic information. The present study tries to examine the issue by presenting participants with grammatically correct sentences of two types. In the first type the critical word of the sentence belonged to the most expected word category type on the basis of the previous context (an article following a verb). In the second sentence type, the critical word was an unexpected but correct word category (an article following an adjective) when a verb is highly expected. Event-related potentials (ERPs) were measured to critical words in both sentence types. Brain waves evoked by the correct but syntactically unexpected word revealed the presence of a negativity with a central distribution around 300–500 ms after stimuli onset, an N400, that was absent in the case of syntactically expected words. No differences were present in previous time windows. These results support models that differentiate between the processing of expected and unexpected syntactic structures.Publicación Expecting Gender: An Event Related Brain Potential Study on the Role of Grammatical Gender in Comprehending a Line Drawing Within a Written Sentence in Spanish(Elsevier, 2003) Wicha, Nicole; Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaEvent-related brain potentials (ERPs) were used to examine the role of grammatical gender in written sentence comprehension. Native Spanish speakers read sentences in which a drawing depicting a target noun was either congruent or incongruent with sentence meaning, and either agreed or disagreed in gender with that of the preceding article. The gender-agreement violation at the drawing was associated with an enhanced negativity between 500 and 700 msec post-stimulus onset. Semantically incongruent drawings elicited a larger N400 than congruent drawings regardless of gender (dis)agreement, indicating little effect of grammatical gender agreement on contextual integration of a picture into a written sentence context. We also observed an enhanced negativity for articles with unexpected relative to expected gender based on prior sentence context indicating that readers generate expectations for specific nouns and their articles.Publicación Potato not Pope: human brain potentials to gender expectation and agreement in Spanish spoken sentences(Elsevier, 2003-08-07) Wicha, Nicole; Bates, Elizabeth A.; Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaEvent-related potentials were used to examine the role of grammatical gender in auditory sentence comprehension. Native Spanish speakers listened to sentence pairs in which a drawing depicting a noun was either congruent or incongruent with sentence meaning, and agreed or disagreed in gender with the immediately preceding spoken article. Semantically incongruent drawings elicited an N400 regardless of gender agreement. A similar negativity to prior articles of gender opposite to that of the contextually expected noun suggests that listeners predict specific words during comprehension. Gender disagreements at the drawing also elicited an increased negativity with a later onset and distribution distinct from the canonical N400, indicating that comprehenders attend to gender agreement, even when one of the words is only implicitly represented by a drawing.Publicación Anticipating Words and Their Gender: An Event-related Brain Potential Study of Semantic Integration, Gender Expectancy, and Gender Agreement in Spanish Sentence Reading(MIT Press Direct, 2004-09) Wicha, Nicole; Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaRecent studies indicate that the human brain attends to and uses grammatical gender cues during sentence comprehension. Here, we examine the nature and time course of the effect of gender on word-by-word sentence reading. Eventrelated brain potentials were recorded to an article and noun, while native Spanish speakers read medium- to high-constraint Spanish sentences for comprehension. The noun either fit the sentence meaning or not, and matched the preceding article in gender or not; in addition, the preceding article was either expected or unexpected based on prior sentence context. Semantically anomalous nouns elicited an N400. Genderdisagreeing nouns elicited a posterior late positivity (P600), replicating previous findings for words. Gender agreement and semantic congruity interacted in both the N400 window—with a larger negativity frontally for double violations—and the P600 window—with a larger positivity for semantic anomalies, relative to the prestimulus baseline. Finally, unexpected articles elicited an enhanced positivity (500–700 msec post onset) relative to expected articles. Overall, our data indicate that readers anticipate and attend to the gender of both articles and nouns, and use gender in real time to maintain agreement and to build sentence meaning.Publicación Processing semantic anomalies in two languages: an electrophysiological exploration in both languages of Spanish–English bilinguals(Elsevier, 2005) Kutas, Marta; Moreno Bella, EvaThe latency of the brain response to semantic anomalies (N400 effect) has been found to be longer in a bilingual’s second language (L2) than in their first language (L1) and/or to that seen in monolinguals. This has been explained in terms of late exposure to L2, although age of exposure and language proficiency are often highly correlated. We thus examined the relative contributions of these factors not only in L2 but also in L1 in a group of Spanish–English bilinguals for whom age of exposure and language proficiency were not highly correlated by recording event-related brain potentials (ERPs) to semantically congruous/incongruous words completing written sentences. We also divided our bilinguals into a Spanish-dominant subset who had late exposure and reduced vocabulary proficiency [as measured by Boston Naming Test (BNT) and Verbal Fluency Scores] in L2 (English) relative to L1 (Spanish) and an English-dominant group who had early exposure to both their languages although greater proficiency in English than in Spanish. In both groups, the N400 effect was significantly later in the nondominant than the dominant language. Although this slowing could be due to late exposure to English in the Spanish-dominant group, late exposure cannot explain the slowing in Spanish in the English-dominant group. Overall, we found that vocabulary proficiency and age of exposure are both important in determining the timing of semantic integration effects during written sentence processing—with vocabulary proficiency predicting the timing of semantic analysis in L1 and both age of exposure and language proficiency, although highly correlated, making additional small but uncorrelated contributions to the speed of semantic analysis/ integration in L2Publicación Code-switching and the brain(Cambridge University Press, 2009) Kutas, Marta; Wicha, Nicole; Moreno Bella, Eva