Persona: Espinoza-Delgado, José
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Publicación Nowcasting impact of COVID-19 on multidimensional child poverty(IOS Press, 2022-08-01) Fiala, Oliver; Kielem, Aristide; Delamónica, Enrique; Obaidy, Mohamed; Espinoza-Delgado, José; Giacoponello, Mariela; Cid Martinez, Ismael; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-718XFrom the onset, it was clear that the impact of the global economic and social crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic was unlikely to affect all children equally. Thus, it was necessary to ascertain the impact of COVID-19 on child poverty as the events unfolded. Many of the indirect effects of the pandemic – disruptions to health services, delayed vaccination programmes, widespread school closures, and increases in food insecurity – have significant impacts on the realisation of children’s rights and, consequently, were expected to increase material deprivations across different dimensions. The question was by how much? In this article we explain the modelling and methodological approach to project or nowcast the answer to that question. The method is dynamic as it was revised as additional information emerged during 2020 and 2021.Publicación Gender gaps in financial literacy: evidence from Argentina, Chile and Paraguay(Taylor and Francis Group, 2023-11-30) Silberb, Jacques; Espinoza-Delgado, José; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-718XUnderstanding why women are less financially literate than men is crucial for developing effective policies that decrease gender inequalities and improve women’s financial literacy, agency, and empowerment. Accordingly, this article adopts a multidimensional approach to measuring financial literacy in developing countries, aggregating three key components of financial literacy, namely financial behavior, financial attitude, and financial knowledge. Using data from Argentina, Chile, and Paraguay, the study finds that there are statistically significant gender differences in these countries, which is confirmed, except in the case of Chile, by an extensive econometric analysis. In turn, a traditional Oaxaca–Blinder decomposition indicates, when considering the three countries as a whole, that 56 percent of the gap can be attributed to unexplained factors, while 44 percent to differences in observable characteristics, implying that men’s rates of return on human capital components, in a broad sense, are significantly different from those experienced by women.Publicación Gender and multidimensional poverty in Nicaragua: an individual based approach(Elsevier, 2018-06-18) Klasen, Stephan; Espinoza-Delgado, José; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-718XMost existing multidimensional poverty measures, such as the global-MPI and the MPI-LA, use the household as the unit of analysis, which means that the multidimensional poverty condition of the household is equated with the multidimensional poverty condition of all its members; accordingly, these measures ignore the intra-household inequalities and are gender-insensitive. Gender equality is, however, at the center of the sustainable development, as emphasized by Goal 5 of the SDGs; therefore, individual-based measures are indispensable to track progress in reaching this Goal. We contribute to the literature on multidimensional poverty and gender inequality by proposing an individual-based multidimensional poverty measure for Nicaragua and estimate the gender gaps in the three I’s of multidimensional poverty (incidence, intensity, and inequality). Overall, we find that in Nicaragua, the gender gaps in multidimensional poverty are lower than 5%, and poverty does not seem to be feminized. However, the inequality among the multidimensionally poor is clearly feminized, especially among adults, and women are living in very intense poverty when compared to men. We also find that adding a dimension (employment, domestic work, and social protection) under which women face higher deprivation into the analysis leads to larger estimates of the incidence, intensity, and inequality of women’s poverty. Finally, we find evidence that supports earlier studies that challenge the notion that female-headed households are worse off than those led by males in terms of poverty.Publicación An Individual-based Index of Multidimensional Poverty for Low- and Middle-Income Countries(Taylor & Francis, 2021-10-21) Burchi, Francesco; Montenegro, Claudio E.; Rippin, Nicole; Espinoza-Delgado, JoséThis paper proposes a new index of multidimensional poverty, called the Global Correlation Sensitive Poverty Index (G-CSPI), which has three interesting features. First, it encompasses three dimensions: decent work, education and access to drinking water and sanitation, which largely overlap with the list of ideal dimensions obtained by expanding the Constitutional Approach, although it does not include direct health measures. Second, it uses a distribution-sensitive measure that can also be decomposed into the three poverty components: incidence, intensity and inequality. Finally, the G-CSPI is an individual-based, rather than household-based index, although restricted to individuals 15–65 years of age. It is thus able to detect intra-household differences in poverty among members within that age-range. To have a full picture of multidimensional poverty at the country level, it should then be complemented by specific poverty measures for children and the elderly. Being centred on individuals and sensitive to inequality, the G-CSPI is coherent with the overarching principle of the 2030 Agenda “leaving no one behind”. Using recent estimates of the G-CSPI for 104 countries, the empirical analysis reveals that the index is highly robust to different specifications, and that, as expected, fragile countries experience the largest levels of poverty.Publicación Nicaragua: Trend of multidimensional poverty, 2001-2009(UN iLibrary, 2017-10-23) López Laborda, Julio; Espinoza-Delgado, JoséThis paper estimates multidimensional poverty in Nicaragua between 2001 and 2009, using data from the three most recent standard of living surveys that are available (2001, 2005 and 2009), and mainly following the methodology proposed by Alkire and Foster (2007 and 2011). For that purpose, 10 dimensions and three weighting systems are used: equal-weightings and two other systems based on the data themselves, one based on the first principal component scores, and the other based on the relative frequencies of dimensional deprivations (both of these systems are new to Nicaragua). Overall, the results show that the incidence, intensity and severity of multidimensional poverty in Nicaragua declined in 2001-2009, and particularly so between 2001 and 2005.Publicación Using Rippin’s Approach to Estimate Multi-Dimensional Poverty in Central America(Taylor & Francis, 2021) Silber, Jacques; Espinoza-Delgado, JoséThe removal of poverty remains one of the most important aims of economic policy in many countries of the world; it continues to be one of the greatest global challenges and is an essential ‘requirement for sustainable development’. In line with the literature, the individual multi-dimensional poverty function must not only identify the poor but also capture the intensity of the multi-dimensional poverty experience. The inclusion of employment as a dimension is based on its instrumental significance as well as on its intrinsic importance. Water and sanitation are also of considerable instrumental and intrinsic importance. The Alkire and Foster (AF) methodology, as the mainstream approach to the measurement of multi-dimensional poverty in the developing world, is insensitive to inequality among the poor. It appears that multi-dimensional poverty among adults is highest in Guatemala and Nicaragua and lowest in Costa Rica.Publicación Children in Monetary Poor Households: Baseline and COVID-19 Impact for 2020 and 2021(Springer Nature, 2021-05-11) Fiala, Olivier; Delamónica, Enrique; Escaroz, Gerardo; Cid Martinez, Ismael; Kielem, Aristide; Espinoza-Delgado, José; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-718XThe impact of the global economic crisis caused by the COVID-19 pandemic will not affect all children equally: those in poorer households and children who are disadvantaged face the most serious consequences. As parents lose their jobs and incomes, the impact on children living in impoverished households must be measured. In this article, we assess the economic consequences of the pandemic on these children. Given that poorer families have a larger number of children than other families, the analysis first establishes the proportion of children living in monetary poor households, as defined by national standards, across developing countries. Then, using historical changes and trends of income distribution per country, the latest projections about economic decline due to the pandemic, and demographic information about the distribution of children by deciles, we estimate the expected increase in the number of children in monetary poor households in developing countries as of end of 2020 to be an additional 122–144 million and, at best, a moderate decline in these numbers by end of 2021.Publicación Multidimensional poverty and deprivation: Using individual versus household data(Edward Elgar Publishing, 2023-03-11) Espinoza-Delgado, José; Silber, Jacques; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7050-718XMost existing multidimensional poverty indices, like the global MPI, use the household as the unit of identification of the multi-dimensionally poor, meaning that the multidimensional poverty status of the household is equated with the multidimensional poverty status of all its members. Such an approach ignores intra-household inequalities, which are crucial, among other things, for understanding and quantifying child poverty and gender inequality. Consequently, in this chapter, we stress that one cannot be indifferent to how deprivations are distributed among household members and that there are good reasons to think about moving from the household to the individual when analyzing and estimating multidimensional poverty, especially if the goal is to adequately monitor progress towards meeting Target 1.2 and Goal 5 of the SDGs.