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What is behind the gender gap in economics distance education: Age, work-life balance andCOVID-19

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dc.contributor.authorCastellanos Serrano, Cristina
dc.contributor.authorEscribano Francés, Gonzalo
dc.contributor.authorParedes Gázquez, Juan Diego
dc.contributor.authorSan Martín González, Enrique
dc.contributor.funderVicerrectorado de Investigación, Transferencia del Conocimiento y Difusión Científica. UNED
dc.contributor.funderDepartamento de Economía Aplicada. Facultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales. UNED
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-05T15:54:09Z
dc.date.available2025-11-05T15:54:09Z
dc.date.issued2022-08-08
dc.descriptionThe registered version of this article, first published in PLoS One, is available online at the publisher's website: Public Library of Science, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272341
dc.descriptionLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en PLoS One, está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: Public Library of Science, https://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272341
dc.description.abstractThere is an ongoing debate about whether gender equality in education has been achieved or not. Research efforts have focused on primary and secondary education, while there are fewer studies on higher education, and few studies refer to distance education. To contribute to address this gap, this article presents a gender analysis of educational outcomes in economics at Spain’s leading distance university, UNED, which is also the largest university in the European Union in terms of enrolment. The aim of the article is to assess whether there is a gender gap in academic results and to identify the sociodemographic and academic variables that may be causing such a gap by analysing how they shape such differences. Finally, the impact of COVID-19 is also considered. The results confirm that women underperformed significantly in our sample in terms of passing and scoring, especially among those between 30 and 45 years of age, who are more likely to have young children. When considering a distribution of family tasks biased against women, along with the higher average age of distance learning university students, gender gaps could probably be greater in nonface-to-face education. COVID-19 narrowed the gender gap during the lockdown period, as some men and women staying at home together were able to improve task sharing capabilities. After the lockdown, however, women’s results worsened compared to pre-COVID-19 levels. A possible explanation is that they had to continue performing the same family duties in addition to substituting education and caring services (e.g., nurseries and day centres for the elderly) that did not resume activity immediately or continuously.en
dc.description.sponsorshipThis study received Open Access funding provided by the 2022 Research Promotion Plan of the Vice Chancellor´s Office for Research, Knowledge Transfer and Scientific Dissemination (UNED) and English editing funding provided by the Applied Economics department at UNED. There are no grant numbers associated with these two funding sources.
dc.description.versionversión publicada
dc.identifier.citationCastellanos-Serrano, C., Escribano, G., Paredes-Gázquez, J, y San-Martín González, E. (2022). What is behind the gender gap in economics distance education: Age, work-life balance and COVID-19. PLoS One, 17(8): e0272341
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0272341
dc.identifier.issn1932-6203
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/30778
dc.journal.issue8
dc.journal.titlePLoS One
dc.journal.volume17
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPublic Library of Science
dc.relation.centerFacultad de Ciencias Económicas y Empresariales
dc.relation.departmentEconomía Aplicada
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject53 Ciencias Económicas
dc.titleWhat is behind the gender gap in economics distance education: Age, work-life balance andCOVID-19en
dc.typeartículoes
dc.typejournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublication
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication96aeef58-4a2d-44b6-9984-fd312c7271c3
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relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscovery16e338cc-9bb3-4dde-9e18-3055155893bc
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