Publicación: Estudio de las alteraciones emocionales y del bienestar psicológico de la pareja en diferentes etapas de la transición a la maternidad y la paternidad
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2017-06-16
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
info:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
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Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología de la Personalidad, Evaluación y Tratamiento Psicológicos
Resumen
Llegar a convertirse en madre/padre puede ser un camino difícil para algunas parejas. Entendemos que la transición a la maternidad/paternidad comprende varias etapas por las que no todas las parejas pasan. Nosotras hemos centrado la presente investigación delimitando dichas etapas al momento en que las parejas deciden ser o no padres, momento en el que las parejas intentan serlo y descubren sus problemas de fertilidad consiguiendo posteriormente embarazo o no a través de tratamientos de reproducción asistida, las parejas que tras decidirlo lo consiguen a través de la gestación natural y el desarrollo del rol de la maternidad y de la paternidad una vez que se tienen hijos. El objetivo general de esta investigación es conocer si existen diferencias entre los distintos momentos de la transición a la paternidad y a la maternidad en alteraciones emocionales y la posible relación entre la ansiedad y la obtención de embarazo. Comparar el grado de bienestar psicológico de la pareja en las diferentes etapas de la transición a la maternidad/paternidad y, analizar las diferencias de sexo en cada uno de los grupos y en cada una de las etapas estudiadas. La muestra total está formada por 256 personas, 126 son hombres (Media de edad = 35.45; DT = 4.11; rango de edad: 26-51) y 130 mujeres con una edad comprendida entre 30 y 45 años, (Media de edad = 33.85 y DT = 4.02; rango de edad: 45-25). La muestra está dividida en cinco grupos: un grupo que no desea tener hijos (grupo “sin hijos”), dos grupos infértiles de los cuales uno logra embarazo con TRA (grupo “embarazo TRA”) y el otro no (grupo “infértil”), un grupo de embarazo natural (grupo “embarazo natural”) y un grupo fértil con hijos (grupo “con hijos”). Los instrumentos utilizados han sido: Cuestionario de Ansiedad Estado-Rasgo, STAI (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), versión en español actualizada, TEA Ediciones, S.A., (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene 7ª edición; año 2008); Inventario de Depresión de Beck, BDI (Beck Depression Inventory; Beck et al., 1961), versión revisada, adaptada y traducida al castellano por Vázquez & Sanz (1991) y la Escala de Bienestar Psicológico de la Pareja (EBP; Sánchez-Cánovas, 2007). El análisis de los resultados revela que es el grupo “embarazo natural” el que menores puntuaciones en bienestar psicológico de la pareja experimenta. La variable ansiedad rasgo es más elevada en el grupo “sin hijos” y es también más elevada en las mujeres en comparación con los hombres tomando la muestra en su totalidad. En cuanto a la ansiedad estado únicamente existen diferencias significativas entre el grupo “embarazo TRA” y el grupo “embarazo natural”, aunque se observa una tendencia del grupo “embarazo TRA” a tener mayores niveles de ansiedad estado que el grupo “infértil”. Por último la variable depresión (únicamente medida en el primer estudio) revela que las mujeres del grupo “embarazo natural” obtienen puntuaciones más altas que los hombres de su mismo grupo. Este trabajo nos aporta evidencia acerca de la diferente dinámica que se da dentro de cada una de las etapas estudiadas. Las parejas tienen unas necesidades distintas y a su vez las peculiaridades de cada pareja hacen que su estudio sea verdaderamente complejo, por lo que conocerlas resulta necesario para plantear la intervención psicológica más adecuada en cada caso.
Becoming a parent can be a difficult path for some couples. We understand transition to parenthood comprises several stages for which not all couples pass through. We have focused the present investigation on the following stages: the moment in which couples decide to be or not to be parents; the moment in which couples try to have a baby and they discover their fertility problems, getting later pregnancy or not through assisted reproductive treatments; couples that after deciding it they obtain it through natural gestation; and the development of maternity and paternity role once they have children. The general objective of this research is threefold: to know if there are differences between different moments of transition to parenthood in emotional alterations and the possible relationship between anxiety and obtaining pregnancy; to compare the degree of psychological well-being of the couple in the different stages of the transition to parenthood; and to analyze sex differences in each of the groups and in each of the studied stages.The total sample consists of 256 people, 126 are men (mean age = 35.45, DT = 4.11, age range: 26-51) and 130 women aged 30-45 years (mean age = 33.85 And DT = 4.02, age range: 45-25). The sample is divided into five groups: one group that does not wish to have children ("childless" group), two infertile groups of which one achieves pregnancy with ART (group "pregnancy ART") and the other not ("infertile" ), a natural pregnancy group ("natural pregnancy" group), and a fertile group with children ("with children" group). The instruments used have been: State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (STAI) (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), updated Spanish version, TEA Ediciones, S.A., (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene 7th edition, year 2008); Beck Depression Inventory, (Beck et al., 1961), revised version, adapted and translated into Spanish by Vázquez & Sanz (1991) and the Psychological Well-Being Scale of the couple (EBP; Cánovas, 2007). Analysis of the results reveals that it is the "natural pregnancy" group the one with lower psychological well-being in the couple. Anxiety trait is higher in the "childless" group and is also higher in females compared to males taking the sample as a whole. As for state anxiety, there are only significant differences between the "pregnancy ART" group and the "natural pregnancy" group, although there is a tendency of the "pregnancy ART" group to have higher levels of anxiety state than the "infertile" group. Finally, the variable depression (measured only in the first study) reveals that women in the "natural pregnancy" group obtain higher scores than men in the same group. This work gives us evidence about the different dynamics that occur within each of the stages studied. Couples have different needs and, in turn, the peculiarities of each couple make their study truly complex, so knowing them is necessary to propose the most appropriate psychological intervention in each case.
Becoming a parent can be a difficult path for some couples. We understand transition to parenthood comprises several stages for which not all couples pass through. We have focused the present investigation on the following stages: the moment in which couples decide to be or not to be parents; the moment in which couples try to have a baby and they discover their fertility problems, getting later pregnancy or not through assisted reproductive treatments; couples that after deciding it they obtain it through natural gestation; and the development of maternity and paternity role once they have children. The general objective of this research is threefold: to know if there are differences between different moments of transition to parenthood in emotional alterations and the possible relationship between anxiety and obtaining pregnancy; to compare the degree of psychological well-being of the couple in the different stages of the transition to parenthood; and to analyze sex differences in each of the groups and in each of the studied stages.The total sample consists of 256 people, 126 are men (mean age = 35.45, DT = 4.11, age range: 26-51) and 130 women aged 30-45 years (mean age = 33.85 And DT = 4.02, age range: 45-25). The sample is divided into five groups: one group that does not wish to have children ("childless" group), two infertile groups of which one achieves pregnancy with ART (group "pregnancy ART") and the other not ("infertile" ), a natural pregnancy group ("natural pregnancy" group), and a fertile group with children ("with children" group). The instruments used have been: State-Trait Anxiety Questionnaire (STAI) (State-Trait Anxiety Inventory), updated Spanish version, TEA Ediciones, S.A., (Spielberger, Gorsuch & Lushene 7th edition, year 2008); Beck Depression Inventory, (Beck et al., 1961), revised version, adapted and translated into Spanish by Vázquez & Sanz (1991) and the Psychological Well-Being Scale of the couple (EBP; Cánovas, 2007). Analysis of the results reveals that it is the "natural pregnancy" group the one with lower psychological well-being in the couple. Anxiety trait is higher in the "childless" group and is also higher in females compared to males taking the sample as a whole. As for state anxiety, there are only significant differences between the "pregnancy ART" group and the "natural pregnancy" group, although there is a tendency of the "pregnancy ART" group to have higher levels of anxiety state than the "infertile" group. Finally, the variable depression (measured only in the first study) reveals that women in the "natural pregnancy" group obtain higher scores than men in the same group. This work gives us evidence about the different dynamics that occur within each of the stages studied. Couples have different needs and, in turn, the peculiarities of each couple make their study truly complex, so knowing them is necessary to propose the most appropriate psychological intervention in each case.
Descripción
Categorías UNESCO
Palabras clave
transición a la maternidad/paternidad, ansiedad, depresión, relación de pareja, embarazo, infertilidad, diferencias en función del sexo, transition to parenthood, anxiety, depression, relationship, pregnancy, infertility, gender differences
Citación
Centro
Facultades y escuelas::Facultad de Psicología