Publicación: Consideración del cambio climático en la evaluación de impacto ambiental de infraestructuras lineales de transporte
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2017
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Escuela Internacional de Doctorado. Programa de Doctorado en Ciencias
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El cambio climático es un problema ambiental de primera magnitud. Numerosas actuaciones humanas contribuyen al cambio climático, por emisión de gases de efecto invernadero (GEI) y destrucción de sumideros. El transporte es responsable de la cuarta parte de las emisiones de GEI en España, un 95% en las carreteras. Los ferrocarriles son complementarios a las carreteras, formando las infraestructuras lineales de transporte. Las carreteras y ferrocarriles están sometidas a EIA (EIA), un procedimiento para integrar los aspectos ambientales en la toma de decisiones. La consideración del cambio climático en la EIA a nivel internacional es reciente; en España ha sido muy escasa en los últimos 25 años, sobre todo en carreteras y ferrocarriles. Es precisa una mayor concienciación y el desarrollo de guías sectoriales. Las infraestructuras contribuyen al cambio climático precisando medidas de mitigación, y el cambio climático afecta a las infraestructuras, requiriendo adaptación, que a su vez pueden generar impactos. Estos aspectos deben considerarse en la EIA. La contribución al cambio climático se evalúa por la emisión de GEI en la construcción, explotación y mantenimiento y la destrucción de sumideros; otros indicadores son la ratio de emisiones por viajero o mercancía o la reducción de emisiones por trasvase modal. Estos indicadores deben incorporarse a la toma de decisiones. La mitigación del cambio climático en el transporte se plantea mediante grandes objetivos, que quedan fuera de la EIA, pero también es posible actuar en esta fase. La prevención es posible sobre todo en el diseño; en la explotación y mantenimiento suele exceder el ámbito de la EIA. La compensación es posible mediante secuestro de carbono y compensación de sumideros destruidos; está infravalorada, pese a ser viable, y tener ventajas adicionales. Sus retos son la voluntad política y la financiación. El cambio climático repercute sobre las infraestructuras de forma positiva o negativa. La EIA debe analizar si el diseño tiene en cuenta estos impactos, que además son la base para la adaptación. La adaptación puede aplicarse de muchas maneras, o no aplicarse; las decisiones están muy relacionadas con funcionalidad y costes. El enfoque sectorial de la adaptación limita la posibilidad de afrontarla de forma global. Las nuevas infraestructuras están mejor adaptadas, pero las existentes precisan adaptación, que puede quedar al margen de la EIA. La adaptación se considera positiva en sí misma, pero puede producir impactos ambientales no deseados, aspecto que está siendo poco considerado. Es preciso por tanto evaluar la propia adaptación en el marco de la EIA. Esta tesis aporta conocimientos y herramientas para hacer frente a la escasa consideración actual del cambio climático en las infraestructuras de transporte; queda pendiente una mayor concienciación de los agentes involucrados en la EIA.
Climate change is currently one of the most important environmental concerns. Numerous human actions contribute to climate change, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and the destruction of sinks. The transport sector is responsible for a quarter of GHG emissions in Spain, 95% of them from roads. Railways are complementary to roads, forming the linear transport infrastructures. Roads and railways are subject to environmental impact assessment (EIA), a process to integrate environmental aspects in decision making. Consideration of climate change in EIA at the international level has only been introduced recently; in Spain it has been very scarce in the last 25 years, especially in roads and railways. Greater awareness and the development of sectoral guides are needed. The contribution to climate change caused by infrastructures require mitigation measures, while the impacts of climate change on infrastructures require adaptation, which can also generate new impacts. These aspects should be considered in EIA. The contribution to climate change is evaluated by the emission of GHGs in construction, operation and maintenance, and the destruction of sinks; other indicators are the ratio of emissions by traveller or freight, or the reduction of emissions due to a modal shift. These indicators should be incorporated into the decision making process. Mitigation of climate change in the transport sector is proposed through large scale objectives, which are outside the scope of EIA, but it is also possible to take actions at this stage. Prevention is possible especially in design, but in operation and maintenance it usually exceeds the scope of EIA. Compensation is possible through carbon sequestration and compensation for destroyed sinks, but this solution is undervalued, despite being viable, and having additional advantages. Its challenges are political will and funding. Climate change has positive or negative impacts on infrastructures. The EIA process should analyze whether the design takes into account these impacts, which are also the basis for adaptation. Adaptation can be applied in many ways, or not implemented at all; the decisions are closely related to functionality and costs. The sectoral approach to adaptation limits the possibility of tackling it globally. The new infrastructures are better adapted, but the existing ones require adaptation, which may be excluded from EIA. Adaptation is considered positive in itself, but may produce undesirable environmental impacts, an aspect that has not being sufficiently considered. It is therefore necessary to assess the adaptation itself within the framework of EIA. This thesis provides the knowledge and tools necessary to deal with the current scarce consideration of climate change in EIA of transport infrastructures, although a greater awareness of the agents involved in this process remain pending
Climate change is currently one of the most important environmental concerns. Numerous human actions contribute to climate change, caused by the emission of greenhouse gases (GHG) and the destruction of sinks. The transport sector is responsible for a quarter of GHG emissions in Spain, 95% of them from roads. Railways are complementary to roads, forming the linear transport infrastructures. Roads and railways are subject to environmental impact assessment (EIA), a process to integrate environmental aspects in decision making. Consideration of climate change in EIA at the international level has only been introduced recently; in Spain it has been very scarce in the last 25 years, especially in roads and railways. Greater awareness and the development of sectoral guides are needed. The contribution to climate change caused by infrastructures require mitigation measures, while the impacts of climate change on infrastructures require adaptation, which can also generate new impacts. These aspects should be considered in EIA. The contribution to climate change is evaluated by the emission of GHGs in construction, operation and maintenance, and the destruction of sinks; other indicators are the ratio of emissions by traveller or freight, or the reduction of emissions due to a modal shift. These indicators should be incorporated into the decision making process. Mitigation of climate change in the transport sector is proposed through large scale objectives, which are outside the scope of EIA, but it is also possible to take actions at this stage. Prevention is possible especially in design, but in operation and maintenance it usually exceeds the scope of EIA. Compensation is possible through carbon sequestration and compensation for destroyed sinks, but this solution is undervalued, despite being viable, and having additional advantages. Its challenges are political will and funding. Climate change has positive or negative impacts on infrastructures. The EIA process should analyze whether the design takes into account these impacts, which are also the basis for adaptation. Adaptation can be applied in many ways, or not implemented at all; the decisions are closely related to functionality and costs. The sectoral approach to adaptation limits the possibility of tackling it globally. The new infrastructures are better adapted, but the existing ones require adaptation, which may be excluded from EIA. Adaptation is considered positive in itself, but may produce undesirable environmental impacts, an aspect that has not being sufficiently considered. It is therefore necessary to assess the adaptation itself within the framework of EIA. This thesis provides the knowledge and tools necessary to deal with the current scarce consideration of climate change in EIA of transport infrastructures, although a greater awareness of the agents involved in this process remain pending
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