Publicación: Tutela e insurrección en los orígenes del derecho de resistencia
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2007-01-01
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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Suele argumentarse que la contribución original de la Reforma a la teoría de la resistencia se basa en una exégesis del pasaje paulino de Romanos, según la cual sólo se debe obediencia a las autoridades que obran en favor del interés general. De ahí se derivaría una teoría constitucionalista de la resistencia protestante, que tendría en Calvino a uno de sus principales inspiradores. Sin embargo, en el derecho de resistencia calviniano la ciudadanía no es concebida como sujeto político en sentido estricto: el pueblo no es ni el fundamento de la autoridad ni puede reemplazarla o resistir si incumple sus deberes religiosos, sociales o políticos. La resistencia activa no está justificada más que como excepción y su motor es únicamente otra autoridad legitimada divinamente, esto es, que ocupe un oficio público, es decir, un tutor. La existencia de una tutoría semejante implica reconocer la incapacidad jurídica del menor tutelado, esto es, el pueblo. Difícilmente puede hablarse aquí de constitucionalismo o democracia. El análisis de las ideas del reformador en el contexto en el que fueron puestas en práctica apoyará esta tesis.
According to a widespread view, the most original protestant contribution to resistance theory would have been derived from an original exegesis of the Pauline epistle to the Romans. In this reading, obedience is only due to the authorities that act in the general interest. Calvin would have played a relevant role in the transformation of such view into a constitutional theory of political resistence. I will argue that Calvin’s theses on resistence theory do not allow for such a constitutional reading. The people is not the source of political authority and cannot act spontaneously against their rulers if they do not comply with their religious or political duties. Active resistence should be exceptional and only if permission is granted by a divinely invested political authority acting as the people’s tutor. The analysis of the context in which Calvin’s ideas were put in practice will provide additional evidence for our interpretation.
According to a widespread view, the most original protestant contribution to resistance theory would have been derived from an original exegesis of the Pauline epistle to the Romans. In this reading, obedience is only due to the authorities that act in the general interest. Calvin would have played a relevant role in the transformation of such view into a constitutional theory of political resistence. I will argue that Calvin’s theses on resistence theory do not allow for such a constitutional reading. The people is not the source of political authority and cannot act spontaneously against their rulers if they do not comply with their religious or political duties. Active resistence should be exceptional and only if permission is granted by a divinely invested political authority acting as the people’s tutor. The analysis of the context in which Calvin’s ideas were put in practice will provide additional evidence for our interpretation.
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Palabras clave
derecho de resistencia, Calvino, protestantismo, teología política, Resistance rights, Calvin, political theology, protestantism
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Centro
Facultad de Filosofía
Departamento
Filosofía y Filosofía Moral y Política