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Blockchain-Based Cloud Controllers for Reliable Networked Control Systems

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dc.contributor.authorLei, Zhongcheng
dc.contributor.authorTorre Cubillo, Luis de la
dc.contributor.authorMañas Álvarez, Francisco José
dc.contributor.authorHu, Wenshan
dc.date.accessioned2025-07-22T13:12:10Z
dc.date.available2025-07-22T13:12:10Z
dc.date.issued2025-09
dc.descriptionThis is an Accepted Manuscript of an article published by Elsevier in "Journal of Industrial Information Integration, Volume 47, 2025, 100902", available at: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2025.100902 Este es el manuscrito aceptado del artículo publicado por Elsevier en "Journal of Industrial Information Integration, Volume 47, 2025, 100902", disponible en línea: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2025.100902
dc.description.abstractNetworked control systems are critical in industrial applications but remain vulnerable to controller failures, which can destabilize operations. Blockchain technology offers a decentralized solution to enhance reliability. While blockchain technologies have been mainly used in financial systems (such as cryptocurrencies) so far, they are now being used in an increasing number of applications (such as logistics, power grids, or the Internet of Things) due to their powerful features and advantages. In this article, the use of blockchains is proposed and explored to deploy decentralized and reliable controllers. A blockchain-based controller architecture is presented to provide controllers that are permanently available, open accessible, and open source. Time to transaction finality and cost for transactions are analyzed in different blockchain networks, thus identifying their suitability. Our analysis reveals that blockchain networks can potentially be applied in slow processes with big enough time constants. Moreover, we propose the integration of event-based control to reduce transaction costs, thereby enhancing the viability of blockchain technologies in networked control systems. To demonstrate the practical application and cost efficiency of our approach, we present a case study focusing on a greenhouse climate control system. Results show that feasible blockchain networks—those compatible with sampling period constraints—consistently reduce control costs. For instance, on Fantom blockchain, event-based control achieved a 27.73-fold reduction in average control costs across six system variables over the eight-day operation period.en
dc.description.versionversión final
dc.identifier.citationZhongcheng Lei, Luis de la Torre, Francisco-José Mañas-Álvarez, Wenshan Hu (2025). Blockchain-based cloud controllers for reliable networked control systems, Journal of Industrial Information Integration, Volume 47, 2025, https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2025.100902
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.jii.2025.100902
dc.identifier.issn2452-414X
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/29655
dc.journal.titleJournal of Industrial Information Integration
dc.journal.volume47
dc.language.isoen
dc.page.initial100902
dc.publisherElsevier
dc.relation.centerE.T.S. de Ingeniería Informática
dc.relation.departmentInformática y Automática
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/embargoedAccess
dc.rights.uriAtribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
dc.subject1203 Ciencia de los ordenadores
dc.subject.keywordsBlockchainen
dc.subject.keywordscontroller failureen
dc.subject.keywordscloud controlen
dc.subject.keywordssmart contracten
dc.subject.keywordsevent-based controlen
dc.titleBlockchain-Based Cloud Controllers for Reliable Networked Control Systemsen
dc.typeartículoes
dc.typejournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationd3cfe1c5-d5e5-459e-8ed3-cb1ebb07639e
relation.isAuthorOfPublication2562491d-2829-4a25-bb48-75bdda3d2827
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryd3cfe1c5-d5e5-459e-8ed3-cb1ebb07639e
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