Publicación: Aplicabilidad del calor residual de centrales térmicas sitas en la UE–28 en redes de calefacción urbana
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2016-06-14
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Atribución-NoComercial-SinDerivadas 4.0 Internacional
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Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Escuela Internacional de Doctorado. Programa de Doctorado en Tecnologías Industriales
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Alrededor del 80% de la energía utilizada en viviendas tiene como fin último proporcionar calefacción y agua caliente, lo que significa que potencialmente existirían unos 15 000 PJ/año (4100 TWh) a ser satisfechos a través del calor residual de las centrales térmicas o de las industrias. Esta cantidad es inferior al calor residual emitido por las centrales térmicas sitas en la UE–28(19 608 PJ/año), el cual es en su mayoría enviado a torres de refrigeración y generalmente no utilizado para calefactar edificaciones ya que está a una temperatura demasiado baja (típicamente 30 ºC para grandes centrales térmicas) para poder ser empleado económicamente. En la actualidad la calefacción se consigue principalmente a través de combustibles fósiles, lo cual crea problemas económicos, medioambientales y de dependencia energética (nótese que el coste total de energía importada en el año 2013 en la UE–28 fue de 405,8 millardos de euros, no llegando la exportada a los 10 millardos de euros). El propósito de esta tesis es investigar la factibilidad de la utilización conjunta de redes de calefacción urbana y cogeneración en la UE– 28, proponer medidas para eliminar las barreras que lastran su implantación generalizada, formular políticas que permitan dicha implantación, y evaluar las repercusiones económicas, energéticas y medioambientales resultantes de la misma. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo una evaluación preliminar sobre el coste probable y el impacto de adoptar una utilización generalizada de redes de calefacción urbana y cogeneración al estudiar tres ciudades con condiciones climáticas representativas de la UE–28. A partir de los resultados de dicha evaluación pudo estimarse que, para toda la UE–28 y llevando a cabo la máxima implementación económicamente factible se produciría un ahorro de 95 millardos de euros al año en combustibles y una disminución relativa a la energía primaria demandada de 6400 PJ, todo ello a través de una inversión anualizada de 315 millardos de euros. Esto representa alrededor del 15% del consumo de energía total final de la UE–28 para el año 2013 (46 214,5 PJ). Esta cantidad sería incluso mayor si en esta tesis se hubieran considerado, aparte de las plantas térmicas convencionales, las centrales nucleares existentes en la UE–28. Para conseguir su pleno desarrollo, las empresas que se encarguen de explotar aquellos esquemas que utilicen conjuntamente redes de calefacción urbana y cogeneración deberían disfrutar de unos poderes cuasi-gubernamentales, de tal manera que se reduzcan significativamente los riesgos del mercado y consecuentemente los costes de financiación. Es esencial que todas las evaluaciones económicas relativas a la utilización conjunta de redes de calefacción urbana y cogeneración se lleven a cabo a través de una tasa de descuento adecuada para proyectos infraestructurales (tasa de descuento “social”), la cual y para aquellos proyectos que estén localizados en Europa Occidental es, atendiendo a recomendaciones de la Comisión Europea, de un 3,5%.
The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate the possible potential of the joint use of district heating networks and cogeneration in the EU-28, propose measures to remove barriers hindering its widespread implementation, formulate policies for such implementation, and evaluate the economic, energy, and environmental consequences resulting therefrom. To this end, a preliminary assessment of the likely cost and the impact of adopting the widespread use of district heating networks and cogeneration was carried carried out in three cities with different representative climatic conditions of the EU-28. From the results of this assessment, it could be estimated that for all the EU-28 and undertaking the maximum economically feasible implementation, a fuel savings of 95 milliard euros a year and a savings of the required primary energy of 6400 PJ would occur, all through an annual investment of 315 milliard euros. This represents about 15% of the total final energy consumption in the EU-28 in 2013 (46 214,5 PJ). This amount would be even greater if this doctoral dissertation would have considered, apart from conventional thermal plants, nuclear power plants existing in the EU-28. To achieve their full development, companies in charge of exploiting those schemes which jointly use district heating networks and cogeneration should enjoy quasi-governmental powers to create significantly reduced market risks and, therefore, reduced funding costs. It is essential that all economic evaluations of the joint use of district heating networks and cogeneration are carried out using an appropriate discount rate for infrastructural projects (“social” discount rate), which for projects that are located in Western Europe is 3,5% following the recommendations of the European Commission. About 80% of the energy used in homes has as the ultimate goal of providing heat and hot water; this means that there would be potentially 15 000 PJ/year (4100 TWh) to be satisfied through the waste heat from power plants. This amount is less than the residual heat emitted by power plants located in the EU-28, at 19 608 PJ/year, which is mostly sent to cooling towers and not used for heating buildings as it is at too low a temperature (typically 30 ºC for large thermal power plants) to be used economically. Currently, heating is mainly obtained from fossil fuels, which creates economic, environmental, and energy dependency problems. It should be noted that the total cost of imported energy in the EU-28 for the year 2013 was 405,8 billion euros, whereas the exported energy was barely 10 billion euros.
The purpose of this doctoral dissertation is to investigate the possible potential of the joint use of district heating networks and cogeneration in the EU-28, propose measures to remove barriers hindering its widespread implementation, formulate policies for such implementation, and evaluate the economic, energy, and environmental consequences resulting therefrom. To this end, a preliminary assessment of the likely cost and the impact of adopting the widespread use of district heating networks and cogeneration was carried carried out in three cities with different representative climatic conditions of the EU-28. From the results of this assessment, it could be estimated that for all the EU-28 and undertaking the maximum economically feasible implementation, a fuel savings of 95 milliard euros a year and a savings of the required primary energy of 6400 PJ would occur, all through an annual investment of 315 milliard euros. This represents about 15% of the total final energy consumption in the EU-28 in 2013 (46 214,5 PJ). This amount would be even greater if this doctoral dissertation would have considered, apart from conventional thermal plants, nuclear power plants existing in the EU-28. To achieve their full development, companies in charge of exploiting those schemes which jointly use district heating networks and cogeneration should enjoy quasi-governmental powers to create significantly reduced market risks and, therefore, reduced funding costs. It is essential that all economic evaluations of the joint use of district heating networks and cogeneration are carried out using an appropriate discount rate for infrastructural projects (“social” discount rate), which for projects that are located in Western Europe is 3,5% following the recommendations of the European Commission. About 80% of the energy used in homes has as the ultimate goal of providing heat and hot water; this means that there would be potentially 15 000 PJ/year (4100 TWh) to be satisfied through the waste heat from power plants. This amount is less than the residual heat emitted by power plants located in the EU-28, at 19 608 PJ/year, which is mostly sent to cooling towers and not used for heating buildings as it is at too low a temperature (typically 30 ºC for large thermal power plants) to be used economically. Currently, heating is mainly obtained from fossil fuels, which creates economic, environmental, and energy dependency problems. It should be noted that the total cost of imported energy in the EU-28 for the year 2013 was 405,8 billion euros, whereas the exported energy was barely 10 billion euros.
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Facultades y escuelas::E.T.S. de Ingenieros Industriales