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Sex-related differences in the associations between diurnal cortisol pattern and social and emotional loneliness in older adults

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dc.contributor.authorUtrera Martínez, Lucía
dc.contributor.authorSampedro Piquero, Patricia
dc.contributor.authorDíaz Mardomingo, María del Carmen
dc.contributor.authorBaliyan, Shishir
dc.contributor.authorGarcía Herranz, Sara
dc.contributor.authorSuárez Falcón, Juan Carlos
dc.contributor.authorRodríguez Fernández, Raquel
dc.contributor.authorValencia Jiménez, Azucena
dc.contributor.authorVenero Núñez, César
dc.date.accessioned2024-05-20T11:49:27Z
dc.date.available2024-05-20T11:49:27Z
dc.date.issued2023
dc.description.abstractLoneliness is a distressful feeling that can affect mental and physical health, particularly among older adults. Cortisol, the primary hormone of the Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Adrenal axis (HPA-axis), may act as a biological transducer through which loneliness affects health. While most previous studies have evaluated the association between loneliness, as a unidimensional construct, and diurnal cortisol pattern, no research has examined this relationship discriminating between social and emotional loneliness in older adults. As sex differences in the negative mental health outcomes of loneliness have been reported, we also investigated whether diurnal cortisol indices and loneliness associations occur in a sex-specific manner. We analyzed the diurnal cortisol- pattern in 142 community-dwelling, non-depressed, Caucasian older adults (55,6% female) aged 60-90. Social and emotional (family and romantic) loneliness scores were assessed using the Spanish version of the Social and Emotional Loneliness Scale for Adults (SELSA). Five salivary cortisol samples were used to capture key features of the diurnal cortisol pattern, including: awakening and bedtime cortisol levels, awakening response (CAR), post-awakening cortisol output (post-awakening cortisol [i.e., the area under the curve with reference to the ground: AUCG]), total diurnal cortisol release (AUCG), and diurnal cortisol slope (DCS). After controlling for sociodemographic variables, the hierarchical linear multiple regression analyses revealed that in male older adults, higher scores on social and family loneliness were associated with elevated awakening cortisol levels, total diurnal cortisol output, and a steeper diurnal cortisol slope (DCS). However, these associations were not observed in female older adults. In addition, feelings of romantic loneliness were positively associated with bedtime cortisol levels and AUCG in older males. Multilevel growth curve modeling showed that experiencing more social and emotional loneliness predicted higher diurnal cortisol output throughout the day in older male adults. The presence of sex differences in the relationship between cortisol indices and loneliness among older adults holds particular significance for diagnostic and screening procedures. Combining loneliness scales as screening tools with diurnal cortisol measures has the potential to be an effective and cost-efficient approach in identifying higher-risk individuals at early stagesen
dc.description.versionversión final
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.3389/fpsyg.2023.1199405
dc.identifier.issn1664-1078
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/12599
dc.journal.titleFrontiers in Psychology
dc.journal.volume14-1199405
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherFrontiers Media
dc.relation.centerFacultad de Psicología
dc.relation.departmentMetodología de las Ciencias del Comportamiento
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
dc.titleSex-related differences in the associations between diurnal cortisol pattern and social and emotional loneliness in older adultses
dc.typejournal articleen
dc.typeartículoes
dspace.entity.typePublication
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