Persona: Juez Martel, Pedro
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Publicación How have the COVID pandemic and the war in Ukraine affected energy poverty?(2024-10-24) Burguillo, Mercedes; del Río González, Pablo; Juez Martel, Pedro; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4487 View this author’s ORCID profileEnergy poverty is a complex, multifaceted problem which negatively affects many households around the world. Therefore, its mitigation is one of the most relevant policy goals for governments nowdays. The events of COVID-19, and the surge in energy prices due to the postpandemic recovery, the war in Ukraine and the energy crisis worsened an already difficult situation for many citizens, increasing energy poverty. However, these detrimental effects on energy poverty are unlikely to have been homogenous across different household types, impacting some more than others. Although energy poverty in general and the determinants of energy poverty in particular are topics which have received attention from academics in the past, the analysis of the impact of those events on specific types of households has not. The aim of this paper is to assess the impact of COVID, the post-pandemic recovery and the war in Ukraine on energy poverty through an analysis of their effects on different types of households and dwellings. Using a database of Spanish households in 2019 and 2022, and binary probit estimations, the results show that those household heads who are foreign nationals, females, older than 67 years, without education and with lower income levels and households with dependent children, whose members do not have a job and live in a detached dwelling, in a rented house, in a dwelling located in a cold region, in a rural area and in an old dwelling are more likely to be energy poor. Both events had a negative effect on energy poverty in very specific types of households: those in which the household head is a male, households whose members do not have a job, are older than 67 years, have children, are less educated, have lower income levels and live in detached dwellings. Analysing the most affected household types and most influential determinants of energy poverty is key to propose effective and efficient policy interventions which mitigate it. These findings call for the adoption of effective targeted policy interventions which focus on the factors that are more likely to reduce EP. They suggest that additional policy efforts to mitigate energy poverty should be put on specific households.Publicación Just energy heating transitions: lessons from characteristics of households using different heating sources(2024-07-02) Burguillo, Mercedes; Juez Martel, Pedro; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4487In the context of the energy transition policy that came into force in Spain in 2019, it is necessary for households progressively to substitute dirty energy heating sources with clean ones. This means replacing energy heating carriers that use carbon energy sources with others that use electricity, that is the cleaner energy source, specifically in Spain where electricity mainly comes from renewable sources. This replacement must be based on the use of modern and efficient electric heating appliances. This can involve a substantial economic effort for certain households, that are already vulnerable. This paper proposes a multinomial model to determine which variables explain households’ energy heating sources use and applies this model to microdata, from the Spanish Household Budget Survey, for 2016-2019. Results show that it is likely that energy-poor households use gasoil or coal and electricity for heating. It is also more probable that households living in rural areas and older buildings use these sources. Households renting their dwelling and living in warm regions are more likely to use electricity, whereas those living in cold regions, urban areas, with woman heads are more likely to use gas. Households owning the dwelling, with older heads and residing in larger houses are more likely to use gasoil or solid fuels. From these results, implications are derived to inform public policy regarding just energy transition.Publicación Which cooking and heating fuels are more likely to be used in energy-poor households? Exploring energy and fuel poverty in Argentina(2021-12-29) Burguillo, Mercedes; Barisone, Manuela; Juez Martel, Pedro; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4487Energy poverty in emerging countries has mainly been analysed in the literature as a problem of energy supply accessibility. However, this analysis is too simple, as in many of these countries there can be a problem of energy accessibility that is not necessarily linked to an insufficiency of energy supply but is related to the use of certain types of fuels or facilities to meet the energy needs of the household. Moreover, what can explain the choice of these fuels can also be an affordability energy problem, and this has been scarcely treated on energy poverty papers focused on developing countries. This work aims to shed light on this literature, analysing both the affordability and the accessibility energy problem of Argentine households. To do so, we use micro-data from an expenditure-survey. First, we measure the energy affordability problem by calculating the Boardman indicator. Second, we estimate two logit models to show how likely it is that the affordability energy problem explains the choice of facilities for cooking and heating that can indicate an energy accessibility problem. Third, to refine the results of our estimations, we calculate the ROC curves to measure the levels in which energy-poor and non-energy-poor household are better identified than with the standard identification of logit models. The results show that it is more probable that households characterized by monetary energy poverty use facilities that indicate an energy accessibility problem than households that are not energy poor.Publicación Hourly marginal electricity mixes and their relevance for assessing the environmental performance of installations with variable load or power(2022-06-29) Peters, Jens F.; Iribarren, Diego; Juez Martel, Pedro; Burguillo, Mercedes; Deyi Hou; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4802-7806 View this author’s ORCID profile; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9934-8979 View this author’s ORCID profile; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3328-4487 View this author’s ORCID profileThe ongoing energy transition is causing rapid changes in the electricity systemand, in consequence, the environmental impacts associated with electricity generation. In parallel, the daily variability of generation increases with higher shares of renewable energies. This affects the potential environmental impacts or benefits of deviceswith variable load or power, such as electric vehicles, storage systems or photovoltaic home systems. However, recent environmental assessments of the actual benefit of such systems are scarce, with existing assessments majorly using average grid mixes that are frequently outdated and disregard the dynamic nature of renewable generation. This article provides detailed hourly average and marginal electricitymixes for eachmonth of the year, determined for Spain as an illustrative country with a diversified (renewable) power generation portfolio that experienced a rapid change in the last years. These are combined with specific life-cycle emission factors for each generation technology. Main drivers for the impacts of themarginalmix turn out to be natural gas plants and imports, but also pumped hydropower due to its comparably low storage efficiency. Applied to a hypothetical photovoltaic rooftop installation, the differences between environmental assessments on hourly and on annual basis are found to be surprisingly lowwhen assuming that the generated electricity replaces the average grid mix, but substantial when considering the marginal generation mix (i.e., the generation technologies that respond to a change in demand at a given time). This highlights the importance of considering the dynamics of the electricity system and the corresponding marginal electricity mixes when optimizing flexible load or generation technologies under environmental aspects.Publicación Does energy poverty influence decarbonisation through electrification of the heating Sector?(2024-04-19) Burguillo, Mercedes; del Río González, Pablo; Juez Martel, PedroCleaner end-uses of energy, including electrified heating, represent a cornerstone of a decarbonised energy transition. On the other hand, many governments have adopted measures to mitigate energy poverty and facilitate access to modern energy services, including heating. Both objectives may be interrelated, since energy poor people are less likely to use cleaner (and costlier) heating fuels. This paper analyses the impact of energy poverty on the decision to use different heating sources and identifies whether the events of COVID and the Ukraine war have affected this decision. Thus, a multinomial probit model is estimated using information from a large database of Spanish households in 2019, 2021 and 2022. The results show that being energy poor increases the probability to use carbon-intensive energy sources for heating compared to electricity, and that COVID and the war in Ukraine have affected this relationship. The increase in energy poverty over those years has negatively affected the decarbonisation goal with respect to heating choices. The influence of those events on the probability to use electric heating depends on some household and dwelling features. Therefore, mitigating energy poverty increases the welfare of energy poor people while supporting the choice of cleaner heating.