Persona: Pérez Escobar, José Antonio
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Pérez Escobar
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José Antonio
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Publicación Inner harmony as an essential facet of well-being: a multinational study during the COVID-19 pandemic(Frontiers Media, 2021-03-26) Carreño, David F.; Eisenbeck, Nikolett; García Montes, José M.; Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0688-6485; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6896This study aimed to explore the role of two models of well-being in the prediction of psychological distress during the COVID-19 pandemic, namely PERMA and mature happiness. According to PERMA, well-being is mainly composed of five elements: positive emotions, engagement, relationships, meaning in life, and achievement. Instead, mature happiness is understood as a positive mental state characterized by inner harmony, calmness, acceptance, contentment, and satisfaction with life. Rooted in existential positive psychology, this harmony-based happiness represents the result of living in balance between positive and negative aspects of one's life. We hypothesized that mature happiness would be a more prominent protective factor during the present pandemic than the PERMA composite. A total of 12,203 participants from 30 countries responded to an online survey including the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS-21), the PERMA-Profiler, and the Mature Happiness Scale-Revised (MHS-R). Confirmatory factor analyses indicated that PERMA and mature happiness were highly correlated, but nonetheless, they represented two separate factors. After controlling for demographic factors and country-level variables, both PERMA Well-being and MHS-R were negative predictors of psychological distress. Mature happiness was a better predictor of stress, anxiety, and general distress, while PERMA showed a higher prediction of depression. Mature happiness moderated the relation between the perceived noxious effects of the pandemic and all markers of distress (depression, anxiety, stress, and total DASS-21). Instead, PERMA acted as a moderator in the case of depression and stress. These findings indicate that inner harmony, according to the mature happiness theory, is an essential facet of well-being to be taken into consideration. The results of this study can also orient policies aimed to alleviate the negative effects of the pandemic on mental health through the promotion of well-being.Publicación Meaning-centered coping in the era of COVID-19: direct and moderating effects on depression, anxiety, and stress(Frontiers Media, 2021-03-17) Eisenbeck, Nikolett; Carreño, David F.; Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0688-6485; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6896The COVID-19 pandemic has subjected most of the world’s population to unprecedented situations, like national lockdowns, health hazards, social isolation and economic harm. Such a scenario calls for urgent measures not only to palliate it but also, to better cope with it. According to existential positive psychology, well-being does not simply represent a lack of stress and negative emotions but highlights their importance by incorporating an adaptive relationship with them. Thus, suffering can be mitigated (and transformed into growth) by, among other factors, adopting an attitude of positive reframing, maintaining hope, existential courage, life appreciation, engagement in meaningful activities, and prosociality. The conglomerate of these elements has been recently denominated as meaning-centered coping. In this study, we evaluated the protective role of this type of coping on mental health. A sample of 12,243 participants from 30 countries across all continents completed measures of Meaning-Centered Coping Scale (MCCS), depression, stress, anxiety and stressful COVID-19 related conditions they experienced. Results indicated that meaning-centered coping was strongly associated with diminished symptoms of stress, anxiety, and depression. Moreover, it moderated various relationships between vulnerability factors and markers of psychological distress, especially in the case of depression. These findings call for attention to meaning-centered coping approaches in the context of hardship, such as the current COVID-19 health crisis. In these difficult times, decision-makers and health organizations may integrate these approaches into their guidelines.Publicación Addiction in existential positive psychology (EPP, PP2.0): from a critique of the brain disease model towards a meaning-centered approach(Taylor and Francis Group, Routledge, 2019-04-19) Carreño, David F.; Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0688-6485; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6896Addiction is widely considered to be a chronic brain disease. Under this view, neuroscientists have spent lots of resources to study the brain and identify pharmacological targets to palliate addiction. However, the brain disease model presents serious epistemological and practical limitations. Firstly, this article collects important critiques to the medical model and calls for a more pluralistic approach to addiction. Secondly, we discuss the problematic self-regulation of people with addiction from an existential positive perspective (also termed PP2.0). People with addiction, whether it is related to substance abuse, gambling, internet surfing, shopping or eating, usually manifest existential struggles that could account for the development and maintenance of their addiction. Relational problems, evasion of guilt and responsibility, and a lack of meaning in life have been evidenced in the literature. At the base of this psychological problem, there are both an inability to cope with the dark side of life and a maladaptive search for positive emotions that cannot be naturally obtained from meaningful social interactions. Finally, the meaning-centered approach (MCA) is proposed for addiction recovery. MCA helps clients find a purpose in life and integrate into society. This existential positive approach can be a fundamental complement for mainstream addiction treatments.Publicación Mathematical modelling and teleology in biology(Birkhäuser, Cham, 2020-01-03) Pérez Escobar, José AntonioMathematical modelling is a group of techniques that have been making their way into diverse biological fields. The incipient roles of these techniques in biology are transforming the scientific practice, and it is believed that the mathematization of biology is progressively putting it in line with the standards of rigor of the physical sciences. While the first statement is true, the second does not necessarily follow from it. In this paper, I will challenge the idea that mathematics brings biology closer to the standards of physics by showing how teleological notions, common in biology but not in today’s physics, coexist and interact with modelling techniques in a very idiosyncratic scientific practice. To this end, I will explore modelling techniques of the so-called brain’s internal compass, a component of the “brain GPS system,” in computational neuroscience.Publicación Purifying applied mathematics and applying pure mathematics: how a late Wittgensteinian perspective sheds light onto the dichotomy(Springer Nature, 2021-12-23) Sarikaya, Deniz; Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6896; https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8951-8161In this work we argue that there is no strong demarcation between pure and applied mathematics. We show this first by stressing non-deductive components within pure mathematics, like axiomatization and theory-building in general. We also stress the “purer” components of applied mathematics, like the theory of the models that are concerned with practical purposes. We further show that some mathematical theories can be viewed through either a pure or applied lens. These different lenses are tied to different communities, which endorse different evaluative standards for theories. We evaluate the distinction between pure and applied mathematics from a late Wittgensteinian perspective. We note that the classical exegesis of the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, due to Maddy, leads to a clear-cut but misguided demarcation. We then turn our attention to a more niche interpretation of Wittgenstein by Dawson, which captures aspects of the aforementioned distinction more accurately. Building on this newer, maverick interpretation of the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics, and endorsing an extended notion of meaning as use which includes social, mundane uses, we elaborate a fuzzy, but more realistic, demarcation. This demarcation, relying on family resemblance, is based on how direct and intended technical applications are, the kind of evaluative standards featured, and the range of rhetorical purposes at stake.Publicación Three Roles of Empirical Information in Philosophy: Intuitions on Mathematics do Not Come for Free(De Gruyter, 2021-11-02) Kant, Deborah ; Sarikaya, Deniz ; Pérez Escobar, José AntonioThis work gives a new argument for ‘Empirical Philosophy of Mathematical Practice’. It analyses different modalities on how empirical information can influence philosophical endeavours. We evoke the classical dichotomy between “armchair” philosophy and empirical/experimental philosophy, and claim that the latter should in turn be subdivided in three distinct styles: Apostate speculator, Informed analyst, and Freeway explorer. This is a shift of focus from the source of the information towards its use by philosophers. We present several examples from philosophy of mind/science and ethics on one side and a case study from philosophy of mathematics on the other. We argue that empirically informed philosophy of mathematics is different from the rest in a way that encourages a Freeway explorer approach, because intuitions about mathematical objects are often unavailable for non-mathematicians (since they are sometimes hard to grasp even for mathematicians). This consideration is supported by a case study in set theory.Publicación Showing mathematical flies the way out of foundational bottles: the later Wittgenstein as a forerunner of Lakatos and the philosophy of mathematical practice(De Gruyter, 2022-01-12) Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3728-6896This work explores the later Wittgenstein’s philosophy of mathematics in relation to Lakatos’ philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of mathematical practice. I argue that, while the philosophy of mathematical practice typically identifies Lakatos as its earliest of predecessors, the later Wittgenstein already developed key ideas for this community a few decades before. However, for a variety of reasons, most of this work on philosophy of mathematics has gone relatively unnoticed. Some of these ideas and their significance as precursors for the philosophy of mathematical practice will be presented here, including a brief reconstruction of Lakatos’ considerations on Euler’s conjecture for polyhedra from the lens of late Wittgensteinian philosophy. Overall, this article aims to challenge the received view of the history of the philosophy of mathematical practice and inspire further work in this community drawing from Wittgenstein’s late philosophy.Publicación The Advent of the Philosophy of Mathematical Practice(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Filosofía, 2017-10-10) Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; Teira Serrano, DavidBoth philosophy and mathematics are ancient academic disciplines whose presence in human affairs can be traced back to very early written remains. Eventually, mathematics itself became a subject of philosophical inquiry, and philosophy of mathematics came to be. It is precisely because of the early appearance of mathematics in the history of humankind that philosophy of mathematics is much older than the philosophy of other academic disciplines, like philosophy of biology, or even philosophy of physics. Not only that, but many of the ideas developed by Greek philosophers in philosophy of mathematics prevail to this day. The legacy of platonism, for example, is such that it remains one of the most popular metaphysical assumptions among not only practicing mathematicians, but also among other academics who make use of applied mathematics in their fields of knowledge and the general population. However, a generation of philosophers originated in the second half of the 20th century and pioneered by Imre Lakatos and Philip Kitcher has noted that, in spite of the long track of philosophy of mathematics and the considerable number of school of thoughts in the discipline, the focus of philosophers of mathematics has been quite limited. The practical aspects of mathematics, that is, how mathematics is done as a whole, have been neglected for the most part. On the other hand, the philosophy of empirical sciences, even with a shorter history at its back, enjoys a broader range of topics among its repertoire. This is, in part, due to a number of particularities of mathematics as a field of knowledge, a lack of philosophical reflection on such mathematical idiosyncrasy, and a passive and limited in scope history of mathematics. In this essay, I shall provide an overview of the differences between the traditional philosophy of mathematics and the philosophy of mathematical practice. Moreover, I will explore the philosophical milestones that gave rise to the genesis of the latter, and discuss the role of the central pillars that currently keep it afloat.Publicación There are no “genuine mathematical explanations” in biology, but mathematical heuristics(Universidad de Salamanca, Instituto de Estudios de la Ciencia y la Tecnología, 2021) Pérez Escobar, José AntonioPublicación Visual landmarks sharpen grid cell metric and confer context specificity to neurons of the medial entorhinal cortex(eLife Sciences Publications, 2016-06-23) Pérez Escobar, José Antonio; Kornienko, Olga; Latuske, Patrick; Kohler, Laura; Allen, KevinNeurons of the medial entorhinal cortex (MEC) provide spatial representations critical for navigation. In this network, the periodic firing fields of grid cells act as a metric element for position. The location of the grid firing fields depends on interactions between self-motion information, geometrical properties of the environment and nonmetric contextual cues. Here, we test whether visual information, including nonmetric contextual cues, also regulates the firing rate of MEC neurons. Removal of visual landmarks caused a profound impairment in grid cell periodicity. Moreover, the speed code of MEC neurons changed in darkness and the activity of border cells became less confined to environmental boundaries. Half of the MEC neurons changed their firing rate in darkness. Manipulations of nonmetric visual cues that left the boundaries of a 1D environment in place caused rate changes in grid cells. These findings reveal context specificity in the rate code of MEC neurons.