Persona: Vázquez Botana, Alexandra
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Vázquez Botana
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Alexandra
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Publicación Not all ballots should be considered equal: How education-based dehumanization undermines the democratic social contract(The British Psychological Society, 2023) Sainz Martínez, Mario; Vázquez Botana, AlexandraLess educated people are viewed negatively and their opinions are belittled in our society. Besides, along with other groups, they are underrepresented in the political arena which questions the legitimacy of democratic systems. Despite the existence of education-based devaluation, research on how people dehumanize individuals and groups with lesser education and minimize their democratic rights is scarce. In this project, we provide correlational evidence that less (vs. highly) educated individuals and groups are dehumanized (Study 1a, N = 304) and their democratic rights (voting, running for office) are questioned (Study 1b, N = 504). Furthermore, we identified that dehumanization tendencies of the less (vs. highly) educated targets predict support for denying them voting rights or the capability to run for public candidacies (Study 2, N = 447). Finally, an experimental study confirmed that the target's educational background influences attributions of humanity, which in turn seem to affect the denial of democratic rights to the target (Study 3, N = 470). These findings suggest that education- based dehumanization might undermine the inalienable democratic rights of lesser educated individuals and groups thus endangering the foundations of democratic systems.Publicación From self-verification to identity fusion : consequences of identity verification on intergroup relations(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Psicología. Departamento de Psicología Social y de las Organizaciones, 2012-02-10) Vázquez Botana, AlexandraEl motivo de autoverificación está notablemente consolidado en el nivel individual, sin embargo, pocas investigaciones han abordado su influencia en el nivel grupal. La presente investigación analizó el efecto de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal sobre las relaciones intergrupales. En un primer bloque de estudios se examinaron los antecedentes de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal: metaestereotipos. Los resultados mostraron que el efecto del meta-estereotipo sobre el deseo de contacto con miembros del exogrupo estaba moderado por el estatus del exogrupo en relación con el endogrupo y mediado por la verificación de la identidad endogrupal en los casos de exogrupos de estatus similar e inferior al del endogrupo. En el segundo bloque de estudios se estudiaron las consecuencias de la verificación de la identidad endogrupal sobre las relaciones intergrupales y se comparó la eficacia de esta estrategia con la del ensalzamiento. Los resultados mostraron que en condiciones no amenazantes, la verificación de los aspectos negativos de la identidad endogrupal mejoró la evaluación de los miembros del exogrupo y aumentó la donación dirigida a ese grupo. Por el contrario, en condiciones de amenaza, el ensalzamiento fue la estrategia más efectiva para mejorar las relaciones intergrupales. El tercer bloque de estudios analizó las consecuencias de la verificación de la identidad personal sobre la fusión de identidad (Gómez et al., 2011). Los resultados mostraron una gran estabilidad de la fusión frente a tres manipulaciones diferentes centradas en el auto-concepto. Únicamente, los factores contextuales fueron capaces de modificar los niveles de fusión. Concluimos que la verificación de la identidad endogrupal, incluso siendo ésta negativa, puede emplearse como estrategia para la mejora de las relaciones intergrupales, si bien, es preciso tener en cuenta el grado de amenaza que representa el exogrupo.Publicación How identity fusion predicts extreme pro-group orientations: A meta-analysis(Taylor & Francis Group, 2023-03-29) Hustad Varmann, Anders; Kruse, Line; Bierwiaczonek, Kinga; Gómez, Ángel; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; R. Kunst, JonasResearchers have productively tested identity fusion theory, aiming to explain extreme pro-group orientations. However, the strength of effects, types of measurements, and study contexts have varied substantially. This first meta-analysis (90 studies from 55 reports, 106 effects, N = 36,880) supported four main conclusions based on the available literature: (1) identity fusion has a strong and positive but very heterogeneous relationship with extreme pro-group orientations; (2) its effect is significantly stronger than that of social identification; however, some evidence suggests that this difference is primarily observed in published rather than unpublished studies; (3) the verbal identity fusion scale has the best explanatory power; (4) identity fusion is most strongly associated with extreme collective action, followed by a willingness to sacrifice oneself, fight or die for the group, and outgroup hostility. We discuss the findings’ implication for identity fusion theory. Based on the literature’s limitations, we highlight avenues for future research.Publicación Positive contact with working-class people reduces personal contribution to inequality(SAGE Publications, 2022-07-15) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Sayans Jiménez, Pablo; López Rodríguez, Lucía; Lois García, David; Hanna ZagefkaThe current research investigates the effect of a type of intergroup contact that has rarely been studied to date, class-based contact, on one’s personal contribution to inequality. We conducted two studies with middle and upper class individuals. We first longitudinally examined whether positive contact with working-class people reduces contribution to inequality (i.e., participants stating that they themselves contribute to maintaining the social hierarchy) whilst controlling for ideological factors. Lower levels of contribution to inequality were present in people with more and better contact, but the change over time was small in the absence of experimental manipulation. An experiment then showed that recall of positive (vs. negative) contact with working-class people reduced participants’ contribution to inequality and increased their willingness to participate in collective action for equality. These results suggest that facilitating spaces where members of different social classes can have positive interactions can contribute to reducing inequality.Publicación Self-uniqueness increases women's willingness to participate in collective action for gender justice, but not support for sex quotas(The British Psychological Society, 2023-03-07) López Rodríguez, Lucía; Vázquez Botana, AlexandraAffiliation with certain groups allows to simultaneously satisfy two competing needs: the need to be moderately different from others and the need to belong. We propose that the feminist movement, that has been turning towards individualistic goals based on individual empowerment, may be one of such groups for women. In three studies we examined the relationship between self-uniqueness and women's support for collective action and structural measures (i.e. sex quotas) promoted by the feminist movement. A first correlational study indicated that self-uniqueness need is positively associated with willingness to participate in collective action for gender justice generally, but not with support for sex quotas. Consistently, two experimental studies (Studies 2–3) found that priming self-uniqueness increases collective action intentions, but not quota support. Study 3 also showed that the effect of self-uniqueness on collective action intentions for gender justice may be mediated by greater perceptions of personal discrimination for being a woman and fusion with the feminist movement. These results suggest that appeals to self-uniqueness may attract women to the feminist movement but do not guarantee support for concrete collective measures against gender inequality.Publicación Blindspots in acculturation research: An agenda for studying majority culture change(Taylor and Francis Group, 2022-07-12) Zagefka, Hanna; Lefringhausen, Katharina; López Rodríguez, Lucía; Urbiola, Ana; Moftizadeh, Nali; Vázquez, Alexandra; Vázquez Botana, AlexandraResearch has investigated conditions which lead to minority members’ wanting to maintain their culture of origin, and to them wanting to adopt the majority culture. Majority members’ ideas for what minority members should do have also received attention. However, past research has developed a blindspot for some important questions: majority and minority members will also have preferences for whether they desire majority culture change, and members of both groups will have perceptions regarding the respective outgroup’s preference. This paper will present a 2X2X2 framework yielding 8 different foci: 2 (focusing on the perspectives/wishes of the minority vs. majority) X 2 (acculturation preferences regarding oneself vs. the outgroup) X 2 (own preferences vs. perceptions of what the respective outgroup wants). This framework will be used to crystalize what is known and what is not yet explored, suggesting a research agenda for the future.Publicación Acknowledging that Men are Moral and Harmed by Gender Stereotypes Increases Men’s Willingness to Engage in Collective Action on Behalf of Women(Springer, 2024-03-02) López Rodríguez, Lucía; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Marco Brambilla; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9153-0220; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4774-3309The rise of far-right parties with antifeminist sentiments constitutes a new challenge in the path to gender equality. Here, we aim to identify strategies to promote men’s acceptance of social change towards equality. Thus, we first examined key concerns about gender equality held by far-right supporters through a discourse analysis of 120 men. The findings revealed a focus on male victimhood, the negation and only partial recognition of inequality, and the delegitimization of feminism. Given the centrality of victimhood in the discourse of far-right male supporters and its social relevance, we developed several non-confrontational strategies based on men’s suffering and supposed (im)morality, and then compared the effectiveness of these strategies for getting men to commit more to gender equality. Two experimental studies (n = 417 and 428 men) revealed that recognizing that men are generally moral or that they also suffer because of gender stereotypes led participants to increase their willingness to participate in collective action for women’s rights. In contrast, questioning their morality by denouncing men’s violence against women had no impact on their intentions. We conclude that non-confrontational strategies that address men's concerns about feminist advancement can prevent potential defensive reactions and make them more receptive to social change towards gender equality.Publicación Feeling understood fosters identity fusion(American Psychological Association, 2024) Gómez, Ángel; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Alba, Beatriz; Blanco, Laura; Chinchilla, Juana; Chiclana, Sandra; Swann, William B.If the consequences of identity fusion are well established, its psychological antecedents are not. To address this shortcoming, eight studies tested the hypothesis that self-verification (receiving evaluations that confirm one’s self-views) increases fusion (a synergistic union with a group, individual, or cause), which, in turn, increases behavioral support for the target of fusion. Correlational studies showed that perceived self-verification was positively associated with fusion, which was positively associated with willingness to fight and die for a group (Study 1a), a value (Study 1b), and a leader (Study 1c). Study 2 revealed that increasing perceived self-verification fostered greater willingness to fight and die for the group but only indirectly through increases in fusion. Study 3 showed that 4 months after indicating the degree of fusion with a group, increasing perceived self-verification augmented endorsement of fighting and dying for the group indirectly through elevations in fusion. In Study 4, relational ties mediated the relationship between perceived self-verification and fusion. Finally, face-to-face interviews with incarcerated members of street gangs and organized crime gangs (Studies 5a–5b) showed that perceived self-verification was positively associated with fusion, which was positively associated with sacrifices for the gang (replicating Studies 1a–1c). No evidence emerged supporting a rival causal path in which fusion caused willingness to fight and die through perceived self-verification. Implications for related theoretical approaches and for conceptualizing the relationship between personal identities, social identities, and group processes are discussed.Publicación Does the union always make the force? Group status and recategorization influence the perceived physical formidability of potential coalition groups(Wiley, 2024) Dovidio, John F.; Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Gómez, ÁngelCoalitions among individuals and between groups, which have had critical evolutionary benefits for humans, play an important role in contemporary life. One key element of the processes of assessing potential allies is how they may contribute to the perceived physical formidability – fighting ability or the capacity to inflict costs on others – of the alliance. In three studies, focused for the first time on inter-group coalitions, we investigated how qualities of the groups such as status (social prestige) and the relationship between them influence the perceived physical formidability of a coalition (i.e., European Union, EU). Study 1 found that the inclusion of a group with higher or similar (but not lower) status increased the perceived formidability of the EU. Studies 2 and 3 showed that learning that ingroup members recategorized a low-status group within a common-group identity increased the perceived formidability of the EU including that group, compared with the conditions in which either outgroup members recategorized or no information was provided. Study 3 also revealed mediation by fusion – a visceral connection – with outgroup members, which has been relatively unexplored. Taken together, these studies reveal that both, status and social identity processes, may significantly affect the estimations of coalitional formidability.Publicación Exposure to Motivational Messages Promotes Meritocratic Beliefs and an Individualistic Perception of Social Change(SAGE Publications, 2023-11-28) Vázquez Botana, Alexandra; Reyes Valenzuela, Carlos; Villagrán, Loreto; Lois García, DavidSome critics claim that the self-help industry legitimizes inequality by enhancing individualism and meritocratic beliefs. The present research aims to provide experimental support to these assumptions by exploring the effect of motivational messages on meritocratic beliefs and the perceived effectiveness of individual and collective action to promote social change toward equality and on collective action intentions. Across three experiments, 663 participants were exposed to motivational messages either by copying short quotes or watching a short video containing those same quotes. As compared with a control condition, exposure to motivational messages strengthened meritocratic beliefs and, in turn, increased the perceived effectiveness of individual action in promoting social change and undermined the perceived effectiveness of collective action and subsequently collective action intentions. These findings fuel the debate on the individualistic bias and meritocratic orientation of the self-help industry and highlight the need to analyze its impact on social and economic justice.