Persona: Fernández Arregui, Saulo
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0000-0002-6136-1614
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Fernández Arregui
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Saulo
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Publicación Understanding the Role of the Perpetrator in Triggering Humiliation: The Effects of Hostility and Status(Elsevier, 2018) Halperin, Eran; Saguy, Tamar; Fernández Arregui, Saulo; Gaviria Stewart, ElenaThe present research addresses the question of whether two characteristics of the situation (the hostility of a perpetrator and his/her status vis-à-vis the target) are critical in triggering humiliation (versus shame and anger). In Study1, participants described an autobiographical episode that elicited either humiliation, shame, or anger. Humiliation episodes were coded (by independent raters) as particularly unjust situations in which a hostile perpetrator (more hostile than perpetrators of the anger episodes) forced the devaluation of the target's self. In Studies 2 and 3, we manipulated the perpetrator’s hostility and his/her status vis-à-vis the target. Consistent with our hypotheses, both hostility and high status contributed to elicit humiliation, albeit hostility turned out to have a much stronger effect on triggering humiliation than high status. Moreover, our results clarified the cognitive process underlying the effect that these two factors had on humiliation: hostility triggered humiliation via the appraisal of injustice, whereas high status triggered humiliation via the appraisal of internalizing a devaluation of the self.Publicación La humillación y su relación con la victimización por acoso: una revisión narrativa(Editorial Universidad de Córdoba, 2024-07-31) Fernández Arregui, Saulo; Borrego Ruiz, AlejandroLa humillación es un fenómeno vinculado a la dinámica del acoso que causa interacciones perturbadoras y traumáticas para las víctimas. Por lo tanto, la relación entre la humillación y el bullying representa un tema de investigación con importantes repercusiones para el campo del bienestar social. Los objetivos de este trabajo son: revisar el concepto de humillación y su naturaleza de acuerdo con la literatura sobre este fenómeno; revisar las principales consecuencias derivadas de la experiencia emocional de la humillación; y analizar la relación entre la humillación y la victimización por acoso. Con este fin, se ha realizado una revisión narrativa basada en una selección de 78 artículos. La humillación se ha definido como una emoción autoconsciente que aparece cuando un individuo es degradado injustamente por otros. En entornos humillantes, las personas que interiorizan una devaluación del yo, y que valoran la situación como injusta, tienden a experimentar mayores niveles de humillación. La humillación se ha relacionado con un comportamiento violento impulsado por las represalias y a los estados de indefensión que pueden culminar en el suicidio. En el contexto del bullying, la hostilidad aumenta la percepción de injusticia, mientras que el estatus social facilita la internalización de la devaluación. Los testigos juegan un papel clave en la intensificación de la humillación, ya que la víctima percibe la devaluación de manera más injusta, y la presencia de un público facilita su interiorización. Asimismo, responder activamente al bullying mitiga la experiencia emocional de la humillación, debido a una mayor percepción de control. La humillación resultante del bullying tiene un impacto negativo en el bienestar social, por lo que abordar este fenómeno requiere el estudio de los factores que permiten y perpetúan su contingencia.Publicación The opposite roles of injustice and cruelty in the internalization of a devaluation: The humiliation paradox revisited(Wiley, 2024-11-11) González del Puerto, José Antonio; Fernández Arregui, SauloCruelty and its link to injustice in contexts of humiliation have not received to date due attention from experimental psychosocial research. Aiming at filling this gap, this paper presents three studies with increasing degrees of experimental control (Ntotal = 1098) that show a dual opponent-process response to being targeted by potentially humiliating actions: while targets appraising more injustice internalize less the devaluation underlying the humiliation experience (thus partially dissolving the so-called “paradox of humiliation”, Fernández et al., 2015, Personality and Social Psychology Bulletin, 41, 976), targets appraising more cruelty internalize more a devalued self-view and feel more humiliated. The fine balance between these two closely connected but distinct appraisals is key to understand the internal/subjective experience of targets: seeing themselves mainly as victims of injustice or cruelty will prevent or favour, respectively, their internalization of the devaluation and their feeling humiliated. This opposite pattern also impacts victims' reaction: Both appraisals relate to aggressive responses via anger but while appraising cruelty also paradoxically leads to powerless inertia, appraising injustice (including importantly the injustice of cruelty itself) leads to less powerlessness and more assertive agency. The theoretical and applied implications of approaching the victims of humiliation as victims of both an injustice and a cruelty are discussed.Publicación The protective effect of agency on victims of humiliation(Elsevier, 2022) Halperin, Eran; Chas Villar, Alexandra; Saguy, Tamar; Fernández Arregui, Saulo; Gaviria Stewart, Elena; Agudo, Rut; González del Puerto, José AntonioHumiliation is a strong negative emotion that arises when a person is forced to internalize an unjust devaluation of the self. Based on theory positing agency as a key factor for self-esteem, we conducted three experiments to investigate whether enhancing the agentic capacity of people facing humiliating situations down-regulated the intensity of the negative emotional experience they felt. More precisely, we tested whether agency, understood as an active behavioral response given by the victims to the perpetrators in potentially humiliating situations, reduced the extent to which the victims internalized a devaluation of the self in those situations and the level of humiliation that they felt. To manipulate agency, we used both an imagined scenario and a realistic setting in which students received a negative evaluation regarding their academic performance and were then encouraged to imagine (Experiment 1) or to actually respond versus not respond to the evaluator (Experiments 2 and 3). In the last two experiments, we additionally manipulated the hostile tone used by the evaluator, resulting in an agency (high vs. low) × hostility (high vs. low) between-subjects design. In all the experiments, we measured the two key appraisals of humiliation (i.e., internalization and injustice), humiliation, shame, and anger. Across the experiments, agency significantly reduced humiliation, and this effect was mediated by the empowering effect that agency had in reducing internalization. Moreover, the results showed that agency affected humiliation in particular, more than shame or anger.Publicación The Role of Witnesses in Humiliation: Why Does the Presence of an Audience Facilitate Humiliation Among Victims of Devaluation?(SAGE, 2023) Saguy, Tamar; Halperin, Eran; Fernández Arregui, Saulo; Gaviria Stewart, Elena; Agudo, RutWe examined the role that witnesses play in triggering humiliation. We hypothesized that witnesses trigger humiliation because they intensify the two core appraisals underlying humiliation: unfairness and internalization of a devaluation of the self. However, we further propose that witnesses are not a defining characteristic of humiliating situations. Results of a preliminary study using an event-recall method confirmed that witnesses were as characteristic of humiliating episodes as of those that elicited shame or anger. In Experiments 1 and 2, we manipulated the presence (vs. absence) of witnesses when a professor devalued participants, as well as the hostile tone of this devaluation. As hypothesized, in both experiments, witnesses indirectly increased humiliation via the appraisal of unfairness. Results of Experiment 2 revealed that the presence of witnesses also interacted with hostility, enhancing humiliation. As expected, this moderating effect occurred via the other key appraisal of humiliation (i.e., internalization).Publicación The humiliation of the abused woman: the internalization of self-devaluation as a key factor in victim inaction(SAGE, 2024-05) Gaviria Stewart, Elena; Fernández Arregui, Saulo; Agudo, RutA partir de las respuestas de 242 mujeres sobre episodios de maltrato psicológico machista sufridos en sus relaciones de pareja, estudiamos, desde la perspectiva teórica de la humillación, sus respuestas cognitivo-emocionales y conductuales. Medimos primero el grado de maltrato experimentado, seguidamente las dos valoraciones cognitivas clave que subyacen a la humillación (interiorización de la devaluación del yo e injusticia), las emociones (humillación, vergüenza, culpa e ira), y finalmente las respuestas de pasividad y confrontación. Los resultados muestran que las víctimas que reportaron mayores niveles de interiorización experimentaron más humillación, vergüenza y culpa. Por el contrario, las víctimas que no mostraron haber interiorizado una visión devaluada de sí mismas respondieron con ira. A su vez, hallamos un efecto indirecto significativo entre maltrato y pasividad vía humillación, vergüenza y culpa, y un efecto indirecto significativo entre maltrato y confrontación vía ira. Concluimos que la interiorización de una devaluación del yo es una variable clave para comprender la respuesta emocional y conductual de las mujeres víctimas de violencia machista.