Persona: Labeaga Azcona, José María
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Labeaga Azcona
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José María
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Publicación Understanding regressivity: Challenges and opportunities of European carbon pricing(ELSEVIER, 2021) Feindt, Simon; Kornek, Ulrike; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Sterner, Thomas; Ward, HaukeWe examine how a European carbon price will affect citizens by studying its incidence on households in 23 countries of the EU. At the national level, the distributional impact before revenue recycling is mainly neutral, sometimes progressive. At an aggregate EU level, however, the impact is regressive because some low-income countries would be strongly affected by the carbon price. While national redistribution can yield a progressive EU incidence, we show that European-wide redistribution is more effective for the most affected households. We offer two indicators to offset regressive distributional effects of EU climate policy, such as the recently proposed Green Deal. The first renders the tax burden proportional; the second focuses on compensating the households most severely affected. Including both indicators in European redistribution makes for a better representation of the initial burden of carbon pricing and could increase public acceptability.Publicación The impacts of energy efficiency policies: Meta-analysis(ELSEVIER, 2020) Labandeira, Xavier; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Linares, Pedro; López Otero, Xiral; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0572-1937; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9952-9670This paper attempts to quantitatively summarize the existing empirical evidence on the effects of energy efficiency policies on energy demand and on the price of associated durable goods, as well as to identify the main factors that systematically affect the estimated impacts. To this end, a meta-regression analysis of the effects of energy efficiency policies is carried out on the basis of an extensive review of the existing literature, selecting those studies that analyze the impact of energy efficiency policies with respect to a business-as-usual setting. Taking into account the econometric problems associated with this type of analysis (intra-class correlation, cross-sectional dependence, publication bias) in pursuit of robust outcomes, the results show that the studies analyzing the effects of energy efficiency policies estimate a significant impact of these policies on energy demand [-10.5%; −8.8%] and the price of related durable goods [7%; 9.6%]. The main factors that influence results are the policy instrument, the targeted sector, the type of country, the analyzed period, the consideration of free-riders, and the type of analysis, data and publication (energy demand); and the sector and analyzed period (price of durables)Publicación Major Reforms in Electricity Pricing: Evidence from a Quasi-Experiment(Oxford University Press, 2021) Labandeira, Xavier; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Teixidó, Jordi J; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-058X; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-388XThe global energy mix and the cost structure of the power industry are experiencing a redefinition. Many countries are revamping electricity-pricing systems to guarantee fixed-cost recovery, often by raising the fixed charge of two-part tariff schemes. However, a key assumption of two-part tariff schemes and associated fixed cost recoveries is that consumers discriminate fixed from marginal costs. We conduct a quasi-experiment with data from a major electricity price reformrecently implemented in Spain and find robust evidence indicating that consumers fail to distinguish between fixed and marginal costs. As a result, policymakers are not achieving the goal of cost recoveryPublicación Discrete-continuous models of residential energy demand: A comprehensive review(ELSEVIER, 2024) Hanemann, W. Michael; Labandeira, Xavier; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Vásquez-Lavín, Felipe A.; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-058X; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0767-998XThis paper reviews forty years of research applying econometric models of discrete-continuous choice to analyze residential demand for energy. The review is primarily from the perspective of economic theory. We examine how well the utility-theoretic models developed in the literature match data that is commonly available on residential energy use, and we highlight the modeling challenges that have arisen through efforts to match theory with data. The literature contains two different formalizations of a corner solution. The first, by Dubin and McFadden (1984) and Hanemann (1984), models an extreme corner solution, in which only one of the discrete choice alternatives is chosen. While those papers share similarities, they also have some differences which have not been noticed or exposited in the literature. Subsequently, a formulation first implemented by Wales and Woodland (1983) and extended by Kim et al. (2002) and Bhat (2008) models a general corner solution, where several but not all of the discrete choice alternatives are chosen. Seventeen papers have employed one or another of these models to analyze residential demand for fuels and/or energy end uses in a variety of countries. We review issues that arose in these applications and identify some alternative model formulations that can be used in future work on residential energy demand.Publicación Energy taxation, subsidy removal and poverty in Mexico(Cambridge University Press, 2021) Labeaga Azcona, José María; Labandeira, Xavier; López Otero, Xiral; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-058X; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9952-9670Equity and efficiency are crucial issues behind any tax reform, but they are particularly relevant in countries with high inequality and large shares of poverty. This paper provides a comprehensive socio-economic empirical assessment of Mexico's proposed (and partially implemented) tax reforms in the energy domain, and of a hypothetical partial removal of existing electricity subsidies. Using a rich household income and expenditure survey within the context of a demand system adjustment of non-durable goods, the article provides the public-revenue, environmental and distributional impacts from the simulation of different combinations of energy taxation, subsidy-removal and distributive offsets. The paper also provides detailed ex-ante evidence on the effects of compensatory devices that may contribute to the successful implementation of energy reform packages and significant poverty alleviation in Mexico.Publicación Consistent estimation of panel data sample selection models(ELSEVIER, 2023) Baltagi, Badi; Jiménez Martin, Sergi; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Sadoon, Majid al; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0469-4479; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7393-9612The properties of classical panel data estimators including fixed effect, first-differences, random effects, and generalized method of moments-instrumental variables estimators in both static as well as dynamic panel data models are investigated under sample selection. The correlation of the unobserved errors is shown not to be sufficient for the inconsistency of these estimators. A necessary condition for this to arise is the presence of common (and/or non-independent) non-deterministic covariates in the selection and outcome equations. When both equations do not have covariates in common and independent of each other, the fixed effects, and random effects estimators in static models with exogenous covariates are consistent. Furthermore, the first-differenced generalized method of moments estimator uncorrected for sample selection as well as the instrumental variables estimator uncorrected for sample selection are both consistent for autoregressive models even with endogenous covariates. The same results hold when both equations have no covariates in common but are correlated once we account for such correlation. Under the same circumstances, the system generalized method of moments estimator adding more moments from the levels equation has moderate bias. Alternatively, when both equations have common covariates the appropriate correction method is suggested. Serial correlation of the errors being a key determinant for that choice. The finite sample properties of the proposed estimators are evaluated using a Monte Carlo study. Two empirical illustrations are provided.Publicación Carbon Leakage from Fuel Taxes: Evidence from a Natural Experiment(Springer, 2024) Jordi J. Teixidó; Palencia González, Francisco Javier; Labeaga Azcona, José María; Labandeira, Xavier; https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2530-388X; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2960-8565; https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2952-058XWe exploit a fuel tax increase in Portugal to identify its effect on cross-border fuel sales and associated carbon leakage in the Spanish border regions. Using a difference-in-difference strategy, we find that while gasoline sales remained unaffected, diesel sales in Spanish border regions increased by 6–9%. Synthetic control methods confirm these estimates and attribute this differential effect by fuel type to routes frequented by heavy-duty vehicles, with large diesel tanks. We estimate a carbon leakage equivalent to 14–20% of Portugal’s annual mitigation commitment for road transport emissions. Our findings imply that heavy goods vehicles’ strategic behavior undermines the potential mitigation effects and revenue gains of transport climate policy, underscoring the need for coordinated policies in similar federal or quasi-federal contexts.