Repositorio DSpace :: Examinando por Autor "Teira Serrano, David"

Examinando por Autor "Teira Serrano, David"

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A contractarian approach to actuarial fairness
(2024-01-21) Heras Martínez, Antonio José; Pradier, Pierre Charles; Teira Serrano, David
We defend, from a contractarian perspective, that the fair price of an insurance policy is the amount that the contracting parties agree when they are both equally uncertain about the insured event. Drawing on the approach developed by R. Sugden in The Community of Advantage, we answer two standard objections raised against contractarianism in the actuarial sciences: 1) people are not wise enough to assess their actuarial risks; 2) they are not rational enough to decide which insurance policy suits them better. We show under which circumstances people can make fair actuarial agreements, without presupposing any objective risk or rationality benchmarks.
A Contractarian Solution to the Experimenter’s Regress
(2012-12-25) Teira Serrano, David
Debiasing procedures are experimental methods aimed at correcting errors arising from the cognitive biases of the experimenter. We will discuss two of these methods, the predesignation rule and randomization, showing to what extent they are open to the experimenter’s regress: there is no meta-rule to prove that, after implementing the procedure, the experimental data are actually free from biases. We claim that, from a contractarian perspective these procedures are nonetheless defensible, since they provide a warrant of the impartiality of the experiment: we only need a proof that the result has not been intentionally manipulated for a prima facie acceptance.
A Defence of Pharmaceutical Paternalism
(2020-01-30) Teira Serrano, David
Pharmaceutical paternalism is the normative stance upheld by pharmaceutical regulatory agencies like the US Food and Drug Administration. These agencies prevent patients from accessing treatments declared safe and ineffective for the patient’s good without their consent. Libertarian critics of the FDA have shown a number of significant flaws in regulatory paternalism. Against these objections, I will argue that, in order to make an informed decision about treatments, a libertarian patient should request full disclosure of the uncertainty about an experimental treatment. But pharmaceutical markets, on their own, are not a reliable source of information about such uncertainty. And companies have the power to capture any independent expert who may assess it. Therefore, the libertarian is better off deferring on an independent regulatory body the assessment of the pharmaceutical risks, constraining access to treatments until tested.
A Positivist Tradition in Early Demand Theory
(2009-08-06) Teira Serrano, David
Are animal breeds social kinds?
Vidal, Oriol; Teira Serrano, David
Breeds are classifications of domestic animals that share, to a certain degree, a set of conventional phenotypic traits. We are going to defend that, despite classifying biological entities, animal breeds are social kinds. We will adopt Godman’s view of social kinds, classifications with predictive power based on social learning processes. We will show that, although the folk concept of animal breed refers to a biological kind, there is no way to define it. The expert definitions of breeds are instead based on socially learnt conventions and skills (artificial selection), yielding groupings in which scientific predictions are possible. We will discuss in what sense breeds are social, but not human kinds and in what sense the concept of a breed is necessary to make them real.
Azar, economía y política en Milton Friedman
(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Filosofía. Departamento de Lógica, Historia y Filosofía de la Ciencia, 2006) Teira Serrano, David; Álvarez Álvarez, Francisco; García Bermejo Ochoa, Juan Carlos
Esta Tesis Doctoral, presenta un trabajo de metodología económica aplicada, en el que se estudian los trabajos del Premio Nobel Milton Friedman entre 1934 y 1957, con especial atención a sus estudios sobre demanda y consumo. La primera parte de la Tesis consiste en un estudio de la tradición positivista en la teoría de la demanda anterior a Friedman, que se analiza en un doble plano (metodológico y epistemológico) sobre los trabajos de Vilfredo Pareto, Henry Ludwell Moore y Henry Schultz. La segunda parte versa sobre la educación estadística de Milton Friedman y en ella se estudia la influencia sobre su obra de las disputas epistemológicas de sus maestros -principalmente Ronald Fisher (a través de Harold Hotelling), Jerzy Neyman y Jimmie Savage. La tercera y última parte se ocupa de dos de sus trabajos sobre renta y consumo considerados metodológicamente canónicos por el propio Friedman (Friedman y Kuznets 1945, Friedman 1957), tratando de mostrar cómo en ellos se ejercitan las ideas discutidas anteriormente en la Tesis. La dificultad de resolver problemas tales como la infradeterminación de la teoría por los datos, la definición empírica de sus conceptos teóricos, el carácter funcional de sus explicaciones de la acción o la evaluación de las predicciones, nos obligan a replantarnos el carácter positivo de la obra de Friedman, de acuerdo con las sugerencias de autores como Alexander Rosenberg.
Blinding and the non-interference assumption in medical and social trials
(2012-12-25) Teira Serrano, David
In this paper, I am going to present and defend the following claims. First, if the participants are not indifferent regarding treatments, we need to implement a blinding device in every trial in order to ground the Non Interference Assumption. But we cannot take its efficacy for granted: we need to test that the blinding actually controlled for the expectations of the participants and no malign unmasking spoiled the NIA. Precisely because this test is necessary, we can only blind the participants up to a certain point: we cannot deceive them. There is evidence showing that if they suspect they are being deceived, they will deviate from the trial protocol, flawing the outcome.
Camarada Gustavo Bueno Martínez
(2023-01-25) Teira Serrano, David
Breve presentación de los años de Gustavo Bueno como comisario político de la falange en Salamanca en los años 1950s
Causality, Impartiality and Evidence-Based Policy
(2012-04-11) Reiss, Julian; Teira Serrano, David
Randomisation, the assignment of experimental subjects to treatment groups by means of a random number generator, was first systematically applied in psychic research in the late nineteenth century and became popular in statistics after Ronald Fisher advocated its use in 1926 (Hacking 1988). In medicine and development economics, the two sciences we will focus on in this chapter, randomised trials are now widely regarded as the ‘gold standard’ of evidence. The overall aims of this chapter are to compare the use of randomised evaluations in these two sciences and to assess their ability to provide impartial evidence about causal claims. In short, we will argue that there are no good reasons to regard randomisation as a sine qua non for good evidential practice in either science. However, in medicine, but not in development economics, randomisation can provide impartiality from the point of view of regulatory agencies. The intuition is that if the available evidence leaves room for uncertainty about the effects of an intervention (such as a new drug), a regulator should make sure that such uncertainty cannot be exploited by some party’s private interest. We will argue that randomisation plays an important role in this context. By contrast, in the field evaluations that have recently become popular in development economics subjects have incentives to act strategically against the research protocol which undermines their use as neutral arbiter between conflicting parties.
Choosing expert statistical advice: practical costs and epistemic justification
González de Prado Salas, Javier; Teira Serrano, David
We discuss the role of practical costs in the epistemic justification of a novice choosing expert advice, taking as a case study the choice of an expert statistician by a lay politician. First, we refine Goldman’s criteria for the assessment of this choice, showing how the costs of not being impartial impinge on the epistemic justification of the different actors involved in the choice. Then, drawing on two case studies, we discuss in which institutional setting the costs of partiality can play an epistemic role. This way we intend to show how the sociological explanation of the choice of experts can incorporate its epistemic justification.
Cómo mide el riesgo el observador imparcial
(2015) Heras Martínez, Antonio José; Teira Serrano, David
Exploramos aquí la conexión entre los conceptos de riesgo e igualdad en el argumento del observador imparcial. La concepción de la justicia que elegiría un observador imparcial se justifica por la pureza del procedimiento de elección. Sin embargo, si modelizamos esta decisión utilizando medidas del riesgo habituales en matemática financiera, veremos cómo el criterio de elección del observador bajo el velo de la ignorancia contiene una preferencia implícita por el grado de desigualdad resultante. Esto nos obliga a reconsiderar la pureza procedimental de la elección.
El conocimiento al final de un hilo : la cometa a través de la historia de la ciencia y la tecnología
(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Filosofía. Departamento de Lógica, Historia y Filosofía de la Ciencia, 2013-11-25) Suay Belenguer, Juan Miguel; Teira Serrano, David
Continental Philosophies of the Social Sciences
(2013-03-23) Teira Serrano, David
I will focus on a few paradigmatic instances of continental philosophies of the social sciences, discussing each one separately without any attempt to find a common thread. The following three sections will deal, in this order, with Marxism, phenomenology and, more briefly, Foucault. I have chosen these three approaches for just one reason: they have had a real influence on how social research has been conducted throughout the 20th century. There have been Marxist, phenomenological and Foucauldian social scientists and they can claim that their research methods are effectively grounded in philosophical principles that analytically-oriented social scientists do not share. Next, I will focus on positive guidelines implemented in current social sciences rather than on principled philosophical discussions about how they should be cultivated. In the case of Marxism, this implies an assessment of major contributions in several fields, whereas phenomenologists or Foucauldians have so far been a dissenting minority with minor professional impact. I follow the (mostly) analytically-minded habit of working with case studies where methodologies are actually implemented. The aim of this chapter is just to show the relevance of continental ideas for certain research agendas, focusing more on their efficacy in actual scientific practices than on their internal philosophical merits. This judgment is admittedly analytically inspired, but I hope not entirely unfair to the continental accomplishments.
Debiasing methods and the acceptability of experimental outcomes
(2016-01-01) Teira Serrano, David
Why scientists reach an agreement on new experimental methods when there are conflicts of interest about the evidence they yield? I argue that debiasing methods play a crucial role in this consensus, providing a warrant about the impartiality of the outcome regarding the preferences of different parties involved in the experiment. From a contractarian perspective, I contend that an epistemic pre-requisite for scientists to agree on an experimental method is that this latter is neutral regarding their competing interests. I present two medical experiments (on smallpox inoculation and Mesmerism) in which debiasing procedures such as blinding and data tabulation provided warrants of impartiality that made people agree on the experimental design even if they disagreed on the outcome.
Disease-mongering through clinical trials
(2015) González Moreno, María; Saborido Alejandro, Cristian; Teira Serrano, David
Our goal in this paper is to articulate a precise concept of at least a certain kind of disease-mongering, showing how pharmaceutical marketing can commercially exploit certain diseases when their best definition is given through the success of a treatment in a clinical trial. We distinguish two types of disease-mongering according to the way they exploit the definition of the trial population for marketing purposes. We argue that behind these two forms of disease-mongering there are two well-known problems in the statistical methodology of clinical trials (the reference class problem and the distinction between statistical and clinical significance). Overcoming them is far from simple
Los economistas como metodólogos: Friedman y Samuelson
(2008-05-15) Teira Serrano, David
Breve presentación de las posiciones metodológicas de Milton Friedman y Paul Samuelson. De próxima publicación en el volumen de Filosofía de la economía, editado por J. C. García-Bermejo para la Enciclopedia Iberoamericana de Filosofía
Ensayos clínicos e interés general. Cómo la política precede a la bioética
(2008-05-15) Teira Serrano, David
Este artículo estudia la justificación normativa de la adopción de los ensayos clínicos aleatorizados por parte de las autoridades sanitarias británicas como estándar metodológico en 1946. A partir de un análisis de los distintos intereses de los participantes en el proceso (pacientes, médicos, farmacéuticas y el propio Estado) argumentamos que la aleatorización se adoptó como mecanismo de asignación imparcial de tratamientos, aunque sus propiedades estadísticas no fueran bien comprendidas. Tal justificación permanece aún vigente.
Estigma, diagnosis e interacción: Un análisis epistemológico y axiológico de los discursos biomédicos sobre la homosexualidad en los regímenes autoritarios ibéricos del siglo XX
(Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Filosofía. Departamento de Lógica, Historia y Filosofía de la Ciencia, 2016-01-20) Molina Artaloytia, Francisco; Vázquez García, Francisco; Teira Serrano, David
El trabajo consiste en un análisis filosófico a partir de la revisión de los discursos biomédicos sobre la homosexualidad en el contexto de los autoritarismos ibéricos del siglo XX. El estudio histórico es novedoso para el caso luso y, para el español, constituye una continuación del trabajo emprendido por Vázquez y Cleminson (Los invisibles, 2011) y una ampliación del coordinado por Javier Ugarte (Una discriminación universal, 2008) así como de otros autores (entre ellos, Arnalte, 2003; Olmeda, 2004; Huard, 2014). Las herramientas filosóficas empleadas para el análisis son el nominalismo dinámico y la noción de clases interactivas de Ian Hacking, la ontología de los hechos institucionales de John Searle, la reflexión sobre el construccionismo y la revisión de la hipótesis productiva foucaltiana efectuados por Francisco Vázquez, y el enfoque materialista propuesto por Javier Ugarte. El análisis epistemológico y axiológico sobre las fuentes históricas, es también un argumento a favor de la fecundidad desenmascaradora de la filosofía como crítica del conocimiento y de la cultura, especialmente para los discursos sobre las tipologías humanas. El recorrido histórico revisa los procesos de construcción del concepto de "homosexualidad" desde la categoría medieval-moderna de sodomía hasta desembocar en la scientia sexualis contemporánea. Llegados ahí, en Portugal se hace necesario explorar los discursos sobre la "homosexualidad" desde el periodo republicano anterior al autoritarismo. Los discursos paradigmáticos se elaboraron en esta etapa y mantuvieron su vigencia durante el salazarismo. En España, a partir del estudio Los invisibles de Vázquez y Cleminson, hay que constatar la brecha que constituye la Guerra Civil y las rupturas que generó el nacionalcatolicismo. La última etapa de ambos regímenes presenta otra significativa asimetría, a saber, la provocada por el renovado interés "científico" y correccionalista suscitado en España por el proceso de elaboración y aplicación de la Ley sobre Peligrosidad y Rehabilitación Social (1970) que no tiene, en la misma etapa, un equivalente jurídico en el país vecino. En el estudio se pone de manifiesto cómo se dibujan unos borrosos protagonistas teóricos por parte de la instancias expertas en interacción con los sujetos reales (protagonistas biográficos). El discurso sobre la "homosexualidad" no fue construido desde arriba por instancias de poder biomédico y administrativo sino que se produce una continua retroalimentación con el imaginario social y con la acción de los individuos que caían bajo el estigma. La borrosidad en la teoría facilitaba, a su vez, fuertes componentes discrecionales (y arbitrarios) por parte de los aparatos de poder y, por otra parte, múltiples posibilidades y estrategias de supervivencia por la de los afectados. Todo esto aconteció en dos regímenes en los que, más allá de sus divergencias, existía un acentuado componente de clase que mediatizaba e impregnaba las prácticas, tanto discursivas como no discursivas, en relación con "la homosexualidad".
Etica o economía : Philippe van Parijs y la renta básica
(2003-02-22) Teira Serrano, David
La renta básica se nos presenta en la obra de Philippe van Parijs como una propuesta política filosóficamente argumentada, de modo tal que convencerá tanto al teórico de la justicia como al ciudadano que votará su implantación. En este artículo analizamos la argumentación de van Parijs mostrando cómo la efectividad política de sus tesis sólo se sostiene a costa de reducir el debate sobre la renta básica a los términos de su propia concepción de la ética. Ponemos en duda, por nuestra parte, el alcance de esta reducción sobre un doble plano: diluye por completo la dimensión prudencial de toda argumentación política, y no deja más alternativa que la educación sentimental para quienes no se dejen convencer por el equilibrio reflexivo.
Facts, Norms and Expected Utility Functions
(2008-05-15) Jallais, Sophie; Pradier, Pierre Charles; Teira Serrano, David
In this paper we want to explore an argumentative pattern that provides a normative justification for expected utility functions grounded on empirical evidence, showing how it worked in three different episodes of their development. The argument claims that we should prudentially maximize our expected utility since this is the criterion effectively applied by those who are considered wisest in making risky choices (be it gamblers or businessmen). Yet, to justify the adoption of this rule, it should be proven that this is empirically true: i.e., that a given function allows us to predict the choices of that particular class of agents. We show how expected utility functions were introduced and contested in accordance with this pattern in the 18th century and how it recurred in the 1950s when M. Allais made his case against the neobernoullians

Examinando por Autor "Teira Serrano, David"

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