Persona: Filipa M.B., Lã
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Filipa M.B., Lã
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Publicación Long-Term Average Spectrum Characteristics of Portuguese Fado-Canção from Coimbra(Elsevier, 2023-07) Filipa M.B., Lã; Silva, Luciano S.; Granqvist, Svante; Filipa M.B., LãDescriptions of acoustical characteristics of Fado, a Portuguese urban style sung in Lisbon and Oporto, are scarce, particularly concerning Fado-Can¸c~ao, a related style sung in Coimbra. The present study aims at describing long-term average spectrum (LTAS) parameters of 16 professional singers while singing and reading the lyrics of a typical Fado-Can¸c~ao. LTAS parameters were investigated in terms of: (1) equivalent sound level (Leq); (2) spectral differences between 3 frequency bands 0−2, 2−5, and 5−8 kHz; and (3) quantification of spectral prominence between 2 and 4 kHz, calculated as the level difference between the peak in this frequency region and a reference trendline between 1 and 5 kHz, henceforth Formant Cluster Prominence (FCP). Given that Fado-Can¸c~ao, besides Fado and traditional styles, originated also from classical singing, and that previous studies on Fado suggest the absence of a singer’s formant cluster, the averaged LTAS for all Fado-Can¸c~ao singers was further compared to the LTAS of two world-touring opera baritones singing an operatic aria and a lied. Results show that Fado-Can¸c~ao is commonly sung with a Leq of 86.4 dB and a FCP of about 10 dB, values significantly higher when compared to reading. The FCP in Fado-Can¸c~ao, although smaller than for the two classical opera singers’ examples (14.8 and 20 dB, respectively), suggests that the style preserved some of its original lyrical influence. However, because younger singers present higher energy in the 5−8 kHz region relative to the remaining frequency bands as compared to older singers, it seems that Fado-Can¸c~ao may be drifting towards non-classical vocal practices. FCP seems to be a promising straightforward method to quantify the degree of formant clustering around the region of the singer’s formant in LTAS, allowing comparisons between different singers and singing styles.Publicación Fundamental frequency variations across the menstrual cycle and the use of an oral contraceptive pill use(American Speech-Language-Hearing Association (ASHA), 2020-04-27) Filipa M.B., Lã; Polo Cano, Nuria; Filipa M.B., LãPurpose Concentrations of sex steroid hormones—estrogens, progesterone, and testosterone—have been associated with premenstrual and menstrual vocal symptoms. However, the extent to which these symptoms may be reflected on acoustical features of the voice is still debated. This study investigates variations in fundamental frequency (fo) and related parameters in connected speech across phases of the menstrual cycle and during the use of a combined oral contraceptive pill (OCP). Method Electrolaryngographic recordings were made, and blood samples were collected at three different phases of the menstrual cycle—menstrual, follicular, and luteal—for placebo and OCP use. These two conditions were blindly and randomly allocated in the study. Speaking fo (SFF), SFF standard deviation, SFF rate of change, SFF slope, maximum and minimum fo, and fo range were extracted for nine healthy females while reading a phrase from the Rainbow Passage. Concentrations of sex hormones were analyzed in serum. Nonparametric statistical tests were carried out to assess differences between phases and conditions. Results SFF, its standard deviation, and maximum fo were significantly different between phases of the menstrual cycle for placebo use only. Menstrual phase showed the lowest values. Maximum and minimum fo were significantly different between placebo and OCP use for menstrual and follicular phases, respectively. Conclusions Fluctuations in sex steroid hormones across the menstrual cycle alter fo in speech more than a particular hormonal concentration. OCP use seems to have a stabilizing effect on the voice relative to fo and related parameters in speech.Publicación Real-Time visual feedback in singing pedagogy: current trends and future directions(MDPI, 2022-10-25) Filipa M.B., Lã; Barro Fiuza, Mauro; Filipa M.B., LãSinging pedagogy has increasingly adopted guide awareness through the use of meaningful real-time visual feedback. Technology typically used to study the voice can also be applied in a singing lesson, aiming at facilitating students’ awareness of the three subsystems involved in voice production—breathing, oscillatory and resonatory—and their underlying physiological, aerodynamical and acoustical mechanisms. Given the variety of real-time visual feedback tools, this article provides a comprehensive overview of such tools and their current and future pedagogical applications in the voice studio. The rationale for using real-time visual feedback is discussed, including both the theoretical and practical applications of visualizing physiological, aerodynamical and acoustical aspects of voice production. The monitorization of breathing patterns is presented, displaying lung volume as the sum of abdominal and ribcage movements signals. In addition, estimates of subglottal pressure are visually displayed using a subglottal pressure meter to assist with the shaping of musical phrases in singing. As to what concerns vibratory patterns of the vocal folds and phonatory airflow, the use of electroglottography and inverse filters is applied to monitor the phonation types, voice breaks, pitch and intensity range of singers of different music genres. These vocal features, together with intentional voice distortions and intonation adjustments, are also displayed using spectrographs. As the voice is invisible to the eye, the use of real-time visual feedback is proposed as a key pedagogical approach in current and future singing lessons. The use of such an approach corroborates the current trend of developing evidence-based practices in voice education.Publicación Development and Validation of the Singing Voice Function Self-Efficacy Scale (Singing-VoSES)(['SAGE', 'SEMPRE'], 2023-02-11) Filipa M.B., Lã; Barro Fiuza, Mauro; Ardura Martínez, Diego; Filipa M.B., LãThis investigation aimed at developing and validating a scale measuring perceived self-efficacy in singing with respect to voice function, the Singing Voice Function Self-Efficacy Scale (Singing-VoSES). Voice experts validated an 18-item scale, subsequently administered online, targeting specifically professional and semi-professional female singers. These inclusion criteria were met by a total of 439 participants. Results of both exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis suggest that Singing-VoSES is a valid scale, with items grouped into three self-efficacy dimensions: Higher Range and Transitions, Middle Range and Lower Range. Middle Range and Lower Range dimensions were both significantly higher than Higher Range and Transitions. Singing high notes and notes within transitional vocal ranges require a refined neuromotor control of the voice, and thus may be particularly challenging. Comparisons between pre and postmenopausal singers were made, as menopause has been associated with changes in voice function. Significantly lower self-efficacies for Higher Range and Transitions and Middle Range were found in post as compared to premenopausal singers. This result, together with the possible lack of coping strategies, may contribute to negative impacts on singers’ performances and, ultimately, lead to premature retirement from public performances. Thus, monitoring self-efficacy with respect to voice function seems relevant, particularly when assisting singers experiencing menopause-related voice difficulties.Publicación Singing at menopause: a systematic review with pedagogical implications(SAGE, 2021-12-16) Sevillano García, María Luisa; Filipa M.B., Lã; Barro Fiuza, Mauro; Filipa M.B., LãMenopause is a certainty in a female singer’s life; depletion of estrogens may lead to physical, mental, and vocal symptoms. To investigate the extent to which these symptoms affect singers, a systematic literature review was carried out using eight interdisciplinary bibliographic databases. Combinations of the following key words were used: menopause, climacterium, singing, singers, and choir. From 18 studies, including three doctoral dissertations and a master’s thesis, only 10 met the inclusion criteria. The heterogeneity of study designs and methods of data collection and analysis precluded the carrying out of a meta-analysis. Instead, descriptors of symptoms affecting the voice, and vocal characteristics associated with menopause (menopause descriptors) were categorized, and their frequency of occurrence determined, according to six types of primary dataset: (1) self-reported symptoms, (2) acoustic characteristics, (3) observations of the larynx, (4) perceptual evaluations, (5) analysis of electrolaryngographic waveform characteristics, and (6) analysis of hormone concentrations. The descriptors that occurred most frequently in the literature concerned aspects of voice production, whereas those concerning vocal health, and vocal practice and performance, were less common. Of the three subsystems that comprise the vocal instrument, the vibrating vocal folds seem to be more affected than breathing and resonance. Changes in vocal range, timbre, endurance, and vocal fold mobility occur during menopause, affecting singers’ voice quality. Some singers reported that their ability to perform was compromised, mainly due to memory lapses and lack of confidence. Maintaining regular singing and practicing semi-occluded vocal tract exercises throughout the menopausal transition seem to help singers to overcome the negative impacts of menopause on vocal performance.Publicación Kulning: Acoustic and Perceptual Characteristics of a Calling Style Used Within the Scandinavian Herding Tradition(Elsevier, 2022-01-03) Rosenberg, Susanne; Sundberg, Johan; Filipa M.B., Lã; Filipa M.B., LãKulning, a loud, high-pitched vocal calling technique pertaining to the Scandinavian herding system, has attracted several researchers' attention, mainly focusing on cultural, phonatory and musical aspects. Less attention has been paid to the spectral and physiological properties that characterize Kulning tones, and also if there is a physiologically optimum pitch range. We analyzed tones produced by ten participants with varying experience in Kulning. They performed a phrase, pitch range G5 to C6 (784 to 1046 Hz), in three different conditions: starting (1) on pitch A5, (2) on the participant's preferred pitch, and (3) after the deepest possible inhalation, also on the participant's preferred pitch subglottal pressure (Psub) was measured as the oral pressure during /p/-occlusion. The quality of the Kulning was rated by a group of experts. The highest-rated tones all had a sound pressure level (SPL) at 0.3 m exceeding 115 dB and a pitch higher than 1010 Hz, while the SPL of the lowest rated tones was less than 108 dB at a pitch below 900 Hz. A multiple regression analysis was performed to evaluate the relationship between the ratings and Psub), SPL, level of the fundamental and the frequency at which a spectrum envelope dip occurred. Highly rated tones were started at maximum lung volumes, and on participants’ preferred pitches. They all shared a high frequency of the spectrum envelope dip and a high level of the fundamental. In decreasing order of ratings, Condition 3 showed the highest values followed by Condition 2 and Condition 1. Each singer seemed to perform best within an individual Psub and pitch range. The relevance of the results to voice pedagogy, artistic, and compositional work is discussed.Publicación Self-Perceived Voice Handicap During COVID19 Compulsory Facemask Use: A Comparative Study Between Portuguese and Spanish Speakers(Elsevier, 2024-08-02) Polo Cano, Nuria; Filipa M.B., LãThis study investigates self-perceptions of voice-related handicap as a function of facemask use in the general working population during the COVID19 outbreak, using the Voice Handicap Index (VHI). Each VHI item was answered twice in a row; the first answer referred to the condition of not wearing a facemask (henceforth, the Without condition) and the second to the condition of using a facemask (henceforth, the With condition). VHI scores were collected via Google Forms (Google, Mountain View, California), targeting 2 groups of speakers of different nationalities, Portuguese (n = 261) and Spanish (n = 297). A Wilcoxon test was carried out to compare VHI scores between With and Without conditions for each group of speakers; a Mann-Whitney U test was used to compare groups within each condition. Results suggested that VHI overall scores and scores for all dimensions were higher for the With condition, for both Portuguese and Spanish speakers. When comparing groups of speakers, Spanish speakers presented higher scores for functional and emotional dimensions, for both With and Without conditions. In addition, the overall score for the Without condition was higher for Spanish speakers. No differences between groups were found for the total VHI score for the With condition. When comparing overall VHIdiff between speakers, that is, the difference in the VHI total score between With and Without conditions, no significant differences could be found. Thus, a multiple regression analysis was carried out between the VHIdiff and the independent variables of interest: age, sex, smoking habits, professional occupation, nationality, facemask type and its hours of use. The resulting model providing the highest association suggested that 2.5% of the variation in overall VHIdiff total score could be associated with sex, smoking habits, and professional level. Female smokers who use their voices during prolonged hours at work (e.g., teachers, lawyers, sales people) presented a higher VHI total score when wearing a mask. Future voice-related health interventions should address preventive strategies towards speaking behaviors leading to vocal fatigue and vocal effort as a consequence of compulsory facemask use, especially with respect to female professional voice users who smokePublicación Female Voice-Related Sexual Attractiveness to Males: Does it Vary With Different Degrees of Conception Likelihood?(Elsevier, 2023-05) Filipa M.B., Lã; Granqvist, Svante; Cova, Tania; Pais, Alberto C.; Polo Cano, Nuria; Filipa M.B., LãPrevious investigations have found that female voice-related attractiveness to males increases when both conception likelihood (CL) and voice fundamental frequency (fo) are elevated. To test this hypothesis, we conducted a perceptual experiment where 78 heterosexual males rated sexual attractiveness of 9 female voice samples, recorded at menstrual, follicular and luteal phases of the menstrual cycle under two double-blinded randomly allocated conditions: a natural menstrual cycle (placebo condition) and when using an oral contraceptive pill (OCP condition). The voice samples yielded a total of 54 stimuli that were visually sorted and rated using Visor software. Concentrations of estrogens, progesterone and testosterone were analyzed, and measurements of speaking fundamental frequency (sfo) and its standard deviation (sfoSD), fo derivative (dfo) and fo slope were made. A multilevel ordinal logistic regression model nested in listeners and in females, and adjusted by phase and condition, was carried out to assess the association between ratings and: (1) phases and conditions; (2) sex steroid hormonal concentrations; and (3) voice parameters. A high probability of obtaining high ratings of voice sexual attractiveness was found for: (1) menstrual phase of placebo use and follicular phase of OCP use; (2) for low estradiol to progesterone ratio and testosterone concentrations; and (3) for low dfo. The latter showed a moderate statistical association with ratings of high attractiveness, as compared with the small association found for the remaining variables. It seems that the voice is a weak cue for female CL. Female sexual attraction to males may be a consequence of what females do in order to regulate their extended sexuality across the menstrual cycle rather than of estrus cues, the use of paralinguistic speech patterns being an example.Publicación Glottal airflow and glottal area waveform characteristics of flow phonation in untrained vocally healthy adults(Elsevier, 2022-01) Patel, Rita R.; Sundberg, Johan; Gill, Brian P.; Filipa M.B., Lã; Filipa M.B., LãObjective To examine flow phonation characteristics with regard to vocal fold vibration and voice source properties in vocally healthy adults using multimodality voice measurements across various phonation types (breathy, neutral, flow, and pressed) and loudness conditions (typical, loud, and soft). Participants and Methods Vocal fold vibration, airflow, acoustic, and subglottal pressure was analyzed in 13 untrained voices (six female and seven male). Participants repeated the syllable / pæ:/ using breathy, neutral, flow, and pressed phonation during typical, loud, and soft loudness conditions. Glottal area (GA) waveforms were extracted from high-speed videoendoscopy; glottal flow was derived from inverse filtering the airflow or the audio signal; and subglottal pressure was measured as the intraoral pressure during /p/ occlusion. Results Changes in phonation type and loudness conditions resulted in systematic variations across the relative peak closing velocity derived from the GA waveform for both males and females. Amplitude quotient derived from the flow glottogram varied across phonation types for males. Conclusion Multimodality evaluation using the GA waveform and the inverse filtered waveforms revealed a complex pattern that varied as a function of phonation types and loudness conditions across males and females. Emerging findings from this study suggests that future large-scale studies should focus on spatial and temporal features of closing speed and closing duration for differentiating flow phonation from other phonation types in untrained adults with and without voice disorders.Publicación Menopausal Voice-Related Work Limitation Scale (MenoVWL): development and validation(Elsevier, 2022-11-30) Filipa M.B., Lã; Mateos Ramírez, Ana; Ardura Martínez, Diego; Barro Fiuza, Mauro; Polo Cano, Nuria; Filipa M.B., LãObjectives Menopause has been reported to affect the voice of female professional voice users (FPVUs). The present study aims at the development and validation of a scale to measure self-perceived menopausal voice-related limitation to work in FPVUs, henceforth the Menopausal Voice-Related Work Limitation Scale (MenoVWL). Methods Items were drawn from previous studies on impacts of sex steroid hormones on voice, available validated scales, and in-depth interviews with post-menopausal FPVUs. A preliminary version with 16 items was evaluated by a panel of 15 voice experts. The resulting revised version was filled in online, together with questions on current endocrinological reproductive status and related symptoms, history of amenorrhea, professional occupation, and demographic information. Responses concerning only professional voice users were selected and inclusive and exclusive criteria were applied for correct allocation of participants into pre- and post-menopausal stages within a restrict age range;192 responses were subject to factorial analysis for MenoVWL validation. Cronbach's alpha measured internal reliability. The scale was tested by comparing MenoVWL scores between pre- and post-menopausal FPVUs (98 and 94, respectively). Results Thirteen items were retained from the expert panel evaluation. Items presented a high Content Validity Index (.94 out of 1) and high Item Acceptance Ratio (86.25 %). Both exploratory and confirmatory factorial analysis rendered one dimension scale with an excellent internal consistency (Cronbach's alpha = .9). The results of a Mann-Whitney test showed a higher MenoVWL score for post- as compared to pre-menopausal FPVUs (Z = - 2.818; P = .005). Conclusions MenoVWL is a comprehensive and validated scale with a known factor structure. It constitutes a health care and safety outcome self-perceived measure of value to the early detection of voice-related limitations to work in FPVUs during menopause.