Persona: González Gaya, Cristina
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0000-0001-8668-4682
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González Gaya
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Cristina
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Publicación Investigating the effectiveness of a new indoor ventilation model in reducing the spread of disease: A case of sports centres amid the COVID-19 pandemic(Elsevier, 2024) Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesús Manuel ; Romero Barriuso, Álvaro; Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel.; González Gaya, Cristina; Villena Escribano, Blasa MaríaThe ventilation of buildings is crucial to ensure indoor health, especially when demanding physical activities are carried out indoors, and the pandemic has highlighted the need to develop new management methods to ensure adequate ventilation. In Spain, there are no specific ventilation regulations to prevent the spread of pathogens such as the coronavirus. Therefore, it is necessary to have a theoretical tool for calculating occupancy to maintain sports facilities in optimal safety conditions. The proposed theoretical method is based on the analysis of mathematical expressions from European standardisation documents and uses the concentration of CO2 as a bioeffluent. It is also based on the concept of background and critical concentration, which allows its application to be extrapolated to future crises caused by pathogens. This study presents a unique and novel dataset for sports centres. For this purpose, the calculation methods were applied to the data set provided by Mostoles City Council, Spain, during the pandemic years with the highest incidence of COVID-19, when the government introduced the assimilation of COVID-19 sick leave to occupational accidents. The data on this type of sick leave provided by the City Council correspond to the period between March 2020 and February 2022. Similarly, the data on the average use of sports facilities by activity, provided by the Sports Department, correspond to the years 2020 and 2021. In this way, it was possible to verify the effectiveness in preventing the spread of any type of coronavirus. In conclusion, the implementation of a theoretical occupancy calculation method based onJournal Pre-proof 2 | 35 the concentration of carbon dioxide as a bioeffluent can be an effective tool for the management of future crises caused by pathogens or hazardous chemicals in the air, and demonstrated its effectiveness in sports centres such as gyms, sports fields, and indoor swimming pools during the COVID-19 pandemic.Publicación Occupancy and Air Quality Model for Outdoor Events: A Strategy for Preventing Disease Transmission at Mass Events(MDPI, 2025-02-25) Romero Barriuso, Álvaro ; Ballesteros González, Jesús Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Rodríguez Sáiz, Ángel; González Gaya, CristinaThis paper proposes a novel model to determine occupancy density for outdoor events to prevent infectious disease transmission caused by the impossibility of proper dilution of human effluents in the atmosphere. It uses standardization processes to calculate natural ventilation air renewal and establishes theoretical occupancy based on activity and exhaled air percentage, aiming for indoor air quality comparable to the IDA2 standards. The study focuses on mass events in Mostoles (Spain), analyzing street activities and bullring events. It found that above a certain height in the open air, infection risk is low, eliminating capacity limitations. The resulting mathematical expressions can be adapted to different pathogens, ensuring the quality of indoor air conditions through capacity control. The process determines the ventilation required based on physical activity, considering both unrestricted and restricted situations. The relationship between required and available ventilation prevents disease transmission. The method’s effectiveness is demonstrated through comparisons between estimates and environmental measurements during Mostoles events. The maximum outdoor occupancy at ground level to achieve air quality comparable to the IDA2 standards is determined to be 2.36 persons/m2, while to prevent the transmission of SARS-CoV-2 it is determined to be 1.98 persons/m2. In addition, transmission will not occur during mass gatherings in locations over five meters above ground level. In conclusion, this model provides an adaptable tool to prevent the spread of infectious diseases at outdoor events by ensuring adequate air quality through occupancy control.Publicación Estimating Maximum Dwell Time for Firefighting Teams Based on Ambient Temperature and Radiant Heat Exposure(MDPI, 2025-02-25) Romero Barriuso, Álvaro; Ballesteros Álvarez, Jesús Manuel; Villena Escribano, Blasa María; Fuentes Bargues, José Luis; González Gaya, CristinaThis research presents a scientifically grounded model designed to enhance the safety protocols for firefighting teams during fire intervention scenarios. The model estimates the maximum allowable exposure duration based on ambient temperature and radiant heat, employing data captured by thermal imaging cameras, which provide real-time measurements of infrared radiation emitted by fire-affected zones. Utilising the Stefan–Boltzmann law to quantify radiative heat transfer and Probit vulnerability analysis to assess thermal risk, critical temperature thresholds and corresponding exposure durations were determined. The results indicate that the maximum permissible ambient temperature for firefighting interventions is 263 °C, with a safe exposure duration of 26 s under these thermal conditions. This approach underscores the significance of ambient temperature as a pivotal parameter in risk assessment and intervention strategy development. Furthermore, the model’s applicability extends to other high-risk environments, including industrial operations, providing a robust and versatile framework for safety management. These findings contribute to advancing evidence-based protocols that mitigate injury risks, safeguard firefighting personnel, and optimise operational decision-making during emergencies.