Persona: Camacho López, Ana María
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Camacho López
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Publicación Prediction of the Bilinear Stress-Strain Curve of Aluminum Alloys Using Artificial Intelligence and Big Data(MDPI, 2020-07-06) Merayo Fernández, David; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaAluminum alloys are among the most widely used materials in demanding industries such as aerospace, automotive or food packaging and, therefore, it is essential to predict the behavior and properties of each component. Tools based on artificial intelligence can be used to face this complex problem. In this work, a computer-aided tool is developed to predict relevant mechanical properties of aluminum alloys—Young’s modulus, yield stress, ultimate tensile strength and elongation at break. These predictions are based on the alloy chemical composition and tempers, and are employed to estimate the bilinear approximation of the stress-strain curve, very useful as a decision tool that helps in the selection of materials. The system is based on the use of artificial neural networks supported by a big data collection about technological characteristics of thousands of commercial materials. Thus, the volume of data exceeds 5𝑘 entries. Once the relevant data have been retrieved, filtered and organized, an artificial neural network is defined and, after the training, the system is able to make predictions about the material properties with an average confidence greater than 95% . Finally, the trained network is employed to show how it can be used to support decisions about engineering applications.Publicación Prediction of Mechanical Properties by Artificial Neural Networks to Characterize the Plastic Behavior of Aluminum Alloys(MDPI, 2020-10-02) Merayo, David; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaIn metal forming, the plastic behavior of metallic alloys is directly related to their formability, and it has been traditionally characterized by simplified models of the flow curves, especially in the analysis by finite element simulation and analytical methods. Tools based on artificial neural networks have shown high potential for predicting the behavior and properties of industrial components. Aluminum alloys are among the most broadly used materials in challenging industries such as aerospace, automotive, or food packaging. In this study, a computer-aided tool is developed to predict two of the most useful mechanical properties of metallic materials to characterize the plastic behavior, yield strength and ultimate tensile strength. These prognostics are based on the alloy chemical composition, tempers, and Brinell hardness. In this study, a material database is employed to train an artificial neural network that is able to make predictions with a confidence greater than 95%. It is also shown that this methodology achieves a performance similar to that of empirical equations developed expressly for a specific material, but it provides greater generality since it can approximate the properties of any aluminum alloy. The methodology is based on the usage of artificial neural networks supported by a big data collection about the properties of thousands of commercial materials. Thus, the input data go above 2000 entries. When the relevant information has been collected and organized, an artificial neural network is defined, and after the training, the artificial intelligence is able to make predictions about the material properties with an average confidence greater than 95%.Publicación Reliability Prediction of Acrylonitrile O-Ring for Nuclear Power Applications Based on Shore Hardness Measurements(MDPI, 2021-03-19) Primera, Ernesto; Frigione, Maríaenrica; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaThe degradation of polymeric components is of considerable interest to the nuclear industry and its regulatory bodies. The objective of this work was the development of a methodology to determine the useful life—based on the storage temperature—of acrylonitrile O-rings used as mechanical sealing elements to prevent leakages in nuclear equipment. To this aim, a reliability-based approach that allows prediction of the use-suitability of different storage scenarios (that involve different storage times and temperatures) considering the further required in-service performance, is presented. Thus, experimental measurements of Shore A hardness have been correlated with storage variables (temperature and storage time). The storage (and its associated hardening) was proved to have a direct effect on in-service durability, reducing this by up to 60.40%. Based on this model, the in-service performance was predicted; after the first three years of operation the increase in probability of failure (POF) was practically insignificant. Nevertheless, from this point on, and especially, from 5 years of operation, the POF increased from 10% to 20% at approximately 6 years (for new and stored). From the study, it was verified that for any of the analysis scenarios, the limit established criterion was above that of the storage time premise considered in usual nuclear industry practices. The novelty of this work is that from a non-destructive test, like a Shore A hardness measurement, the useful life and reliability of O-rings can be estimated and be, accordingly, a decision tool that allows for improvement in the management of maintenance of safety-related equipment. Finally, it was proved that the storage strategies of our nuclear power plants are successful, perfectly meeting the expectations of suitability and functionality of the components when they are installed after storage.Publicación Effect of Process Parameters and Definition of Favorable Conditions in Multi-Material Extrusion of Bimetallic AZ31B–Ti6Al4V Billets(MDPI) Fernández Bermejo, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaThis paper investigates the extrusion process to manufacture bimetallic cylinders combining a magnesium alloy core (AZ31B) and a titanium alloy sleeve (Ti6Al4V) of interest in aeronautical applications. A robust finite element model has been developed to determine the most influential parameters and to study the effect of them on the extrusion force and damage induced by means of Design of Experiments (DOE) and Taguchi method. The results show that the most influential parameters in the extrusion forces are the friction between sleeve and container/die and the height of the cylinder; and the less influential ones are the process temperature and ram speed. Moreover, minimum values of forces along with low damage can be reached by favorable interface contact conditions, minimizing the friction at the core-container/die interface, as the main influencing factor; followed by the geometrical dimensions of the billet, being the billet height more important when paying attention to the minimum forces, and being the core diameter when considering the minimum damage as the most important criterion. The results can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of this kind of extrusion process and the quality of the extruded part that, along with the use of lightweight materials, can contribute to sustainable production approaches.Publicación Analysis of General and Specific Standardization Developments in Additive Manufacturing From a Materials and Technological Approach(IEEE Xplore, 2020-06-25) García Domínguez, Amabel; Claver Gil, Juan; Sebastián Pérez, Miguel Ángel; Camacho López, Ana MaríaAdditive manufacturing processes and products are very present in the current productive landscape, and in fact these technologies have been one of the most intensively studied and improved during the last years; however, there is still no defined and homogeneous regulatory context for this field. In this work, a thorough review of the main general and specific regulatory developments in design, materials and processes standards for additive manufacturing has been carried out, with special attention to the standards for mechanical characterization of polymer-based products. In many cases standards developed for other productive contexts are identified as recommended references, and some contradictory trends can be identified when different documents and previous experiences are consulted. Thus, as it is logical considering that all these technologies are involved in an intensive and continuous evolution process, there is a certain lack of clarity regarding the standards to be considered. This work aims to contribute to clarify the current standardization context in additive manufacturing and provide some guidelines for the identification of appropriate standards. The paper also emphasizes that the key for next regulatory developments in mechanical testing is to develop standards that consider particular AM processes along with materials. Moreover, a great gap between available standard about additive technologies based on metallic materials and polymer materials during the last years has been detected. Finally, the provided overview is considered of interest as support for research and practice in additive manufacturing, and both in intensive productive scenarios and for particular users and makers.Publicación Influence of the Main Blown Film Extrusion Process Parameters on the Mechanical Properties of a High-Density Polyethylene Hexene Copolymer and Linear Low-Density Polyethylene Butene Copolymer Blend Used for Plastic Bags(MDPI, 2023-11-09) Cuesta, Francisco; Camacho López, Ana María; Rubio Alvir, Eva MaríaPolyethylene plastic bags manufactured via blown film extrusion have different quality specifications depending on their intended use. It is known that the mechanical properties of a film depend on the process parameters established, but little is known concerning how they affect one another, even more so due to the variety of polyethylene materials and processing techniques. This study focuses on establishing a proper correspondence of important mechanical properties like the dart impact, tensile strength at break, and elongation at break with commonly used process parameters like the blow-up ratio, take-up ratio, thickness reduction, and neck height, for a high-density polyethylene hexene copolymer and a linear low-density polyethylene butene copolymer blend film. Because this polyethylene mixture is an anisotropic material, interesting R2 values equal to or higher than 0.90 were found: a BUR with elongation at break and tensile strength at break in the MD and TD, a TUR with elongation at break in the MD and tensile strength at break in the MD and TD, and a TR with elongation at break and tensile strength at break in the MD. Also, a relationship between the dart impact and both the neck height and thickness were found.Publicación Data analytics-driven selection of die material in multimaterial co-extrusion of Ti-Mg alloys(MDPI, 2024-03-10) Fernández Bermejo, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaAbstract: Selection of the most suitable material is one of the key decisions to be taken at the design stage of a manufacturing process. Traditional approaches as Ashby maps based on material properties are widely used in the industry. However, in the production of multimaterial components, the criteria for the selection can include antagonistic approaches. The aim of this work is the implementation of a methodology based on the results of process simulations for several materials and classify them by applying an advanced data analytics method based on Machine Learning (ML), in this case the Support Vector Regression (SVR) and Multi-Criteria Decision Making (MCDM) meth- odologies, specifically Multi-criteria Optimization and Compromise Solution (VIKOR) combined with Entropy weighting methods. In order to do this, a Finite Element Model (FEM) has been built to evaluate the extrusion force and the die wear in a multi-material co-extrusion process of bimetallic Ti6Al4V-AZ31B billets. After applying SVR and VIKOR combined with Entropy weighting methodologies, a comparison has been established based on the material selection and complexity of the methodology used, resulting that material chosen in both methodologies is very similar and MCDM method is easier to implement because there is no need of evaluate the error of the prediction model and the time for data preprocessing is less than the time needed in SVR. This new methodology is proven to be effective as alternative to the traditional approaches and aligned with the new trends in the industry based on simulation and data analytics.Publicación Optimal Parameters Selection in Advanced Multi-Metallic Co-Extrusion Based on Independent MCDM Analytical Approaches and Numerical Simulation(MDPI, 2022-11-28) Fernández Bermejo, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaMulti-material co-extrusion is a complex thermo-mechanical forming process used to obtain bimetallic billets. Its complexity is due to the combination of diffusion phenomena in the interface of both materials together with the high temperature and pressure generated and the different flow stress characteristics created by the joining of dissimilar materials. Accordingly, the selection of optimal process parameters becomes key to ensure process feasibility. In this work, a comparison among different multi-criteria decision making (MCDM) methodologies, together with different eighting methods, were applied to the simulation results by using DEFORM3D© software to select the optimal combination of process parameters to fulfil the criteria of minimum damage, extrusion force, and tool wear, together with the maximum reduction in the average grain size.Publicación Analysis of AZ31B -Ti6Al4V bimetallic extrusion by numerical simulation and Taguchi method(Cambridge University Press, 2021-06-23) Fernández Bermejo, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaThis paper investigates the extrusion force and damage induced during an extrusion process to manufacture bimetallic cylinders combining a titanium alloy sleeve (Ti6Al4V) and a magnesium alloy core (AZ31B). A study has been carried out to determine the damage factor distribution through the extrusion process and how this factor together with the extrusion force are influenced by the manufacturing parameters (extrusion ratio, friction and die semi-angle) by means of finite element (FE) simulations. Also, a Taguchi Design of Experiments (DoE) and an Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) have been performed in order to study the influence of each parameter to minimize the extrusion force needed to perform the process and the damage in the extrudate. The results show that damage distribution in the sleeve does not follow any pattern, appearing in different region in a random way. However, in the core the damage always occurs in the region outside the contour of the sleeve, where it reaches the maximum value and afterwards remains stationary during the rest of the process. In the core, damage increases as friction factor does and it is independent of the cross-section reduction for low die semi-angles (15°) and reaches the maximum values for 60° die semi-angle. In both cases, damage and extrusion force, the more relevant factor to obtain minimum values is the die semi-angle.Publicación Selection of die material and its impact on the multi-material extrusion of bimetallic AZ31B–Ti6Al4V components for aeronautical applications(MDPI, 2021-12-09) Fernández Bermejo, Daniel; Rodríguez Prieto, Álvaro; Camacho López, Ana MaríaThis paper investigates the effect that the selection of the die material generates on the extrusion process of bimetallic cylindrical billets combining a magnesium alloy core (AZ31B) and a titanium alloy sleeve (Ti6Al4V) of interest in aeronautical applications. A robust finite element model is developed to analyze the variation in the extrusion force, damage distribution, and wear using different die materials. The results show that die material is a key factor to be taken into account in multi-material extrusion processes. The die material selection can cause variations in the extrusion force from 8% up to 15%, changing the effect of the extrusion parameters, for example, optimum die semi-angle. Damage distribution in the extrudate is also affected by die material, mainly in the core. Lastly, die wear is the most affected parameter due to the different hardness of the materials, as well as due to the variations in the normal pressure and sliding velocity, finding critical values in the friction coefficient for which the die cannot be used for more than one forming stage because of the heavy wear suffered. These results can potentially be used to improve the efficiency of this kind of extrusion process and the quality of the extruded part that, along with the use of lightweight materials, can contribute to sustainable production approaches.