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Martínez Romo, Juan

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0000-0002-6905-7051
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Martínez Romo
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Juan
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2010 - 201982020 - 202512
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  • Miniatura
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    Guardian-BERT: Early detection of self-injury and suicidal signs with language technologies in electronic health reports
    (ELSEVIER, 2025-01-21) Martínez Romo, Juan; Araujo, Lourdes; Reneses, Blanca
    Mental health disorders, including non-suicidal self-injury (NSSI) and suicidal behavior, represent a growing global concern. Early detection of these conditions is crucial for timely intervention and prevention of adverse outcomes. In this study, we present Guardian-BERT (Guardian-Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers), a novel approach for the early detection of NSSI and suicidal behavior in electronic health records (EHRs) using natural language processing (NLP) techniques for the Spanish language. Guardian-BERT employs a dual-domain adaptation strategy based on a pre-trained language model. The initial adaptation phase involves training on EHR discharge reports, enabling the model to learn the structure and linguistic patterns typical of clinical text. A second adaptation phase, using EHRs from the Psychiatry department of another hospital, refines the model’s understanding of the specialized terminology and nuanced expressions used by mental health professionals. Empirical results show that Guardian-BERT outperforms existing pre-trained models and other supervised methods in detecting NSSI and suicidal behavior. The model achieves a more balanced trade-off between precision and recall, resulting in superior F-measure scores. Specifically, Guardian-BERT attains an F-measure of 0.95 for NSSI detection and 0.89 for suicidal behavior prediction. In addition to predictive performance, we investigated risk factors associated with these mental health conditions, identifying influences such as adverse personal circumstances and emotional distress. This analysis serves two key purposes: enhancing the interpretability of individual predictions by linking them to relevant risk factors, and enabling broader research through patient stratification and temporal studies of risk factor evolution. Our findings indicate that language technologies like Guardian-BERT offer valuable support for healthcare professionals by facilitating early detection and prevention of mental health disorders. Furthermore, the integration of risk factor analysis provides critical insights into the underlying conditions, improving both the explainability and clinical utility of predictive systems.
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    Automatic Recommendation of Forum Threads and Reinforcement Activities in a Data Structure and Programming Course
    (MDPI, 2023-09-21) Plaza Morales, Laura; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes; López Ostenero, Fernando; Martínez Romo, Juan
    Online learning is quickly becoming a popular choice instead of traditional education. One of its key advantages lies in the flexibility it offers, allowing individuals to tailor their learning experiences to their unique schedules and commitments. Moreover, online learning enhances accessibility to education, breaking down geographical and economical boundaries. In this study, we propose the use of advanced natural language processing techniques to design and implement a recommender that supports e-learning students by tailoring materials and reinforcement activities to students’ needs. When a student posts a query in the course forum, our recommender system provides links to other discussion threads where related questions have been raised and additional activities to reinforce the study of topics that have been challenging. We have developed a content-based recommender that utilizes an algorithm capable of extracting key phrases, terms, and embeddings that describe the concepts in the student query and those present in other conversations and reinforcement activities with high precision. The recommender considers the similarity of the concepts extracted from the query and those covered in the course discussion forum and the exercise database to recommend the most relevant content for the student. Our results indicate that we can recommend both posts and activities with high precision (above 80%) using key phrases to represent the textual content. The primary contributions of this research are three. Firstly, it centers on a remarkably specialized and novel domain; secondly, it introduces an effective recommendation approach exclusively guided by the student’s query. Thirdly, the recommendations not only provide answers to immediate questions, but also encourage further learning through the recommendation of supplementary activities.
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    Discovering HIV related information by means of association rules and machine learning
    (Nature Research, 2022-10-22) Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes; Martínez Romo, Juan; Bisbal, Otilia; Sanchez de Madariaga, Ricardo; The Cohort of the National AIDS Network (CoRIS); https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3746-3378
    Acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS) is still one of the main health problems worldwide. It is therefore essential to keep making progress in improving the prognosis and quality of life of affected patients. One way to advance along this pathway is to uncover connections between other disorders associated with HIV/AIDS-so that they can be anticipated and possibly mitigated. We propose to achieve this by using Association Rules (ARs). They allow us to represent the dependencies between a number of diseases and other specific diseases. However, classical techniques systematically generate every AR meeting some minimal conditions on data frequency, hence generating a vast amount of uninteresting ARs, which need to be filtered out. The lack of manually annotated ARs has favored unsupervised filtering, even though they produce limited results. In this paper, we propose a semi-supervised system, able to identify relevant ARs among HIV-related diseases with a minimal amount of annotated training data. Our system has been able to extract a good number of relationships between HIV-related diseases that have been previously detected in the literature but are scattered and are often little known. Furthermore, a number of plausible new relationships have shown up which deserve further investigation by qualified medical experts.
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    Detecting malicious tweets in trending topics using a statistical analysis of language
    (Elsevier, 2013-06-01) Martínez Romo, Juan; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes
    Twitter spam detection is a recent area of research in which most previous works had focused on the identification of malicious user accounts and honeypot-based approaches. However, in this paper we present a methodology based on two new aspects: the detection of spam tweets in isolation and without previous information of the user; and the application of a statistical analysis of language to detect spam in trending topics. Trending topics capture the emerging Internet trends and topics of discussion that are in everybody’s lips. This growing microblogging phenomenon therefore allows spammers to disseminate malicious tweets quickly and massively. In this paper we present the first work that tries to detect spam tweets in real time using language as the primary tool. We first collected and labeled a large dataset with 34 K trending topics and 20 million tweets. Then, we have proposed a reduced set of features hardly manipulated by spammers. In addition, we have developed a machine learning system with some orthogonal features that can be combined with other sets of features with the aim of analyzing emergent characteristics of spam in social networks. We have also conducted an extensive evaluation process that has allowed us to show how our system is able to obtain an F-measure at the same level as the best state-ofthe- art systems based on the detection of spam accounts. Thus, our system can be applied to Twitter spam detection in trending topics in real time due mainly to the analysis of tweets instead of user accounts.
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    Técnicas de recuperación de información para la resolución de problemas en la Web
    (Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Escuela Técnica Superior de Ingeniería Informática. Departamento de Lenguajes y Sistemas Informáticos, 2010-07-08) Martínez Romo, Juan; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes
    En esta tesis, se abordan dos de los problemas más importantes que afectan a la Web en la actualidad. El crecimiento vertiginoso de esta red mundial, ha propiciado la conexión en esta tesis de uno de sus principales problemas desde el origen en 1989, los enlaces rotos, con una reciente preocupación de los motores de búsqueda, el web spam. El vínculo entre el problema de los enlaces rotos en las páginas web y el spam de buscadores, se ha establecido mediante el uso común de un conjunto de técnicas de recuperación de información, en forma de sistema de recuperación de información web. El inconveniente que genera la desaparición de una página web, ha sido afrontado mediante el diseño de un Sistema de Recuperación de Enlaces Rotos (SRER). Este sistema analiza la información disponible acerca de una página desaparecida, y recomienda al usuario un conjunto de documentos candidatos para reemplazar el enlace obsoleto. El SRER propuesto en esta tesis, a diferencia del resto de sistemas con objetivos similares, no necesita del almacenamiento previo de ningún tipo de información acerca de la página desaparecida, para poder realizar una recomendación. El diseño de este sistema se compone de cuatro etapas, en las que se aplican diferentes técnicas de recuperación de información y procesamiento del lenguaje natural, para obtener el mejor rendimiento. La primera etapa consiste en un proceso de selección de información, en el cual se analiza en primer lugar, el texto del ancla del hiperenlace que ha dejado de funcionar. Los términos que componen el ancla son una pieza fundamental en el buen funcionamiento del sistema, y de esta forma se realiza un reconocimiento de entidades nombradas, con el objetivo de determinar aquellos términos con un valor descriptivo superior. En segundo lugar, se extrae información del contexto del hiperenlace para conseguir un mayor grado de precisión. Cuando una página web desaparece, durante un periodo de tiempo variable, es posible encontrar datos acerca de dicha página en la infraestructura web. Teniendo en cuenta la presencia de esta información, en tercer lugar se propone el uso de varios recursos disponibles en la Web, con el objetivo de seguir el rastro que ha dejado la página desaparecida. Entre estos recursos se encuentran aplicaciones proporcionadas por los principales motores de búsqueda, librerías digitales, servicios web y redes sociales. La segunda etapa se centra en las fuentes de información obtenidas a partir del contexto del enlace y de los recursos online disponibles. En algunos casos, el tamaño de dichas fuentes es demasiado grande como para discriminar la información relevante de la que no lo es. Por este motivo se lleva a cabo un proceso de extracción de terminología a fin de sintetizar la información. Con el objetivo de optimizar la extracción de los términos más relevantes en cada caso, se han analizado diferentes técnicas de recuperación de información. En la tercera etapa, el SRER analiza la información obtenida y establece un conjunto de consultas, que posteriormente serán ejecutadas en un motor de búsqueda. En esta fase se parte de los datos obtenidos del texto del ancla y a continuación se realiza un proceso de expansión de consultas. Por cada una de las consultas, el sistema recupera los primeros resultados devueltos por el buscador. Una vez finalizada la etapa de expansión de consultas y recuperados las páginas candidatas a reemplazar al enlace roto, se lleva a cabo una ordenación por relevancia, para mostrar al usuario un conjunto de resultados en orden decreciente. Para establecer el orden de aparición, se han analizado algunas funciones de ranking. Estas funciones utilizan la información disponible en la primera etapa para otorgar un valor de relevancia a cada documento. Finalmente, el sistema presenta al usuario una lista de resultados ordenados según su relevancia. Las cuatro etapas en las que se divide el SRER, se encuentran dirigidas por un algoritmo que analiza la información disponible en cada caso, y toma una decisión, con el objetivo de optimizar por un lado los resultados mostrados al usuario y por otro lado el tiempo de respuesta del sistema. Entre las aportaciones de esta tesis, también se encuentra el desarrollo de una metodología de evaluación, que evita el juicio de humanos a fin de ofrecer unos resultados más objetivos. Por último, el SRER, representado a su vez por el algoritmo de recuperación de enlaces rotos, ha sido integrado en una aplicación web denominada Detective Brooklynk. La recuperación de un enlace, es decir, encontrar una página en Internet en función de la información relativa a ella disponible en la página que la apunta, está basada en la hipótesis de que dicha información es coherente. Existen casos es los que los autores de páginas web manipulan la información relativa a una determinada página, con el objetivo de obtener algún beneficio. En esta tesis, analizamos los casos en los que una página web inserta información incoherente acerca de una segunda página apuntada, con el objetivo de promocionarla en un buscador. En la segunda parte de esta tesis, enmarcada dentro del área de la detección de web spam, se parte del concepto de recuperación de enlaces para detectar aquellos de naturaleza fraudulenta. En esta ocasión, el motor del sistema de recuperación de enlaces rotos es modificado para la recuperación de enlaces activos. El objetivo de dicha adaptación es localizar los enlaces cuya información acerca del recurso apuntado es voluntariamente incoherente y por tanto resulta imposible su recuperación. El sistema resultante es capaz de proporcionar un conjunto de indicadores por cada página analizada, empleados para una etapa posterior de clasificación automática. El web spam se divide principalmente en dos grupos de técnicas: aquellas que inciden sobre los enlaces de las páginas web, y las que emplean el contenido para promocionarlas. De esta forma, si mediante el sistema de recuperación de enlaces se consiguen detectar los enlaces fraudulentos, en esta tesis se ha decidido completar la detección de spam de contenido. Para ello, se ha llevado a cabo un análisis de la divergencia entre el contenido de dos páginas enlazadas. El resultado de esta segunda parte de la tesis dedicada a la detección de web spam, es la propuesta de utilización de dos nuevos conjuntos de indicadores. Además, la combinación de ambas características da lugar a un sistema ortogonal que mejora los resultados de detección de ambos conjuntos por separado.
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    Web spam detection : new classification features based on qualified link analysis and language models
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), 2010-09-01) Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes; Martínez Romo, Juan
    Web spam is a serious problem for search engines because the quality of their results can be severely degraded by the presence of this kind of page. In this paper, we present an efficient spam detection system based on a classifier that combines new link-based features with language-model (LM)-based ones. These features are not only related to quantitative data extracted from the Web pages, but also to qualitative properties, mainly of the page links.We consider, for instance, the ability of a search engine to find, using information provided by the page for a given link, the page that the link actually points at. This can be regarded as indicative of the link reliability. We also check the coherence between a page and another one pointed at by any of its links. Two pages linked by a hyperlink should be semantically related, by at least a weak contextual relation. Thus, we apply an LM approach to different sources of information from aWeb page that belongs to the context of a link, in order to provide high-quality indicators of Web spam. We have specifically applied the Kullback–Leibler divergence on different combinations of these sources of information in order to characterize the relationship between two linked pages. The result is a system that significantly improves the detection of Web spam using fewer features, on two large and public datasets such as WEBSPAM-UK2006 and WEBSPAM-UK2007.
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    Analyzing information retrieval methods to recover broken web links
    (2011-06-19) Martínez Romo, Juan; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes
    In this work we compare different techniques to automatically find candidate web pages to substitute broken links. We extract information from the anchor text, the content of the page containing the link, and the cache page in some digital library.The selected information is processed and submitted to a search engine. We have compared different information retrievalmethods for both, the selection of terms used to construct the queries submitted to the search engine, and the ranking of the candidate pages that it provides, in order to help the user to find the best replacement. In particular, we have used term frequencies, and a language model approach for the selection of terms; and cooccurrence measures and a language model approach for ranking the final results. To test the different methods, we have also defined a methodology which does not require the user judgments, what increases the objectivity of the results.
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    A keyphrase-based approach for interpretable ICD-10 code classification of Spanish medical reports
    (Elsevier, 2021) Fabregat Marcos, Hermenegildo; Duque Fernández, Andrés; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes; Martínez Romo, Juan
    Background and objectives: The 10th version of International Classification of Diseases (ICD-10) codification system has been widely adopted by the health systems of many countries, including Spain. However, manual code assignment of Electronic Health Records (EHR) is a complex and time-consuming task that requires a great amount of specialised human resources. Therefore, several machine learning approaches are being proposed to assist in the assignment task. In this work we present an alternative system for automatically recommending ICD-10 codes to be assigned to EHRs. Methods: Our proposal is based on characterising ICD-10 codes by a set of keyphrases that represent them. These keyphrases do not only include those that have literally appeared in some EHR with the considered ICD-10 codes assigned, but also others that have been obtained by a statistical process able to capture expressions that have led the annotators to assign the code. Results: The result is an information model that allows to efficiently recommend codes to a new EHR based on their textual content. We explore an approach that proves to be competitive with other state-of-the-art approaches and can be combined with them to optimise results. Conclusions: In addition to its effectiveness, the recommendations of this method are easily interpretable since the phrases in an EHR leading to recommend an ICD-10 code are known. Moreover, the keyphrases associated with each ICD-10 code can be a valuable additional source of information for other approaches, such as machine learning techniques.
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    Negation-based transfer learning for improving biomedical Named Entity Recognition and Relation Extraction
    (Elsevier, 2023-02) Fabregat Marcos, Hermenegildo; Duque Fernández, Andrés; Martínez Romo, Juan; Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes
    Background and Objectives: Named Entity Recognition (NER) and Relation Extraction (RE) are two of the most studied tasks in biomedical Natural Language Processing (NLP). The detection of specific terms and entities and the relationships between them are key aspects for the development of more complex automatic systems in the biomedical field. In this work, we explore transfer learning techniques for incorporating information about negation into systems performing NER and RE. The main purpose of this research is to analyse to what extent the successful detection of negated entities in separate tasks helps in the detection of biomedical entities and their relationships. Methods: Three neural architectures are proposed in this work, all of them mainly based on Bidirectional Long Short-Term Memory (Bi-LSTM) networks and Conditional Random Fields (CRFs). While the first architecture is devoted to detecting triggers and scopes of negated entities in any domain, two specific models are developed for performing isolated NER tasks and joint NER and RE tasks in the biomedical domain. Then, weights related to negation detection learned by the first architecture are incorporated into those last models. Two different languages, Spanish and English, are taken into account in the experiments. Results: Performance of the biomedical models is analysed both when the weights of the neural networks are randomly initialized, and when weights from the negation detection model are incorporated into them. Improvements of around 3.5% of F-Measure in the English language and more than 7% in the Spanish language are achieved in the NER task, while the NER+RE task increases F-Measure scores by more than 13% for the NER submodel and around 2% for the RE submodel. Conclusions: The obtained results allow us to conclude that negation-based transfer learning techniques are appropriate for performing biomedical NER and RE tasks. These results highlight the importance of detecting negation for improving the identification of biomedical entities and their relationships. The explored echniques show robustness by maintaining consistent results and improvements across different tasks and languages.
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    Deep-Learning Approach to Educational Text Mining and Application to the Analysis of Topics’ Difficulty
    (Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers, 2020-12-02) Araujo Serna, M. Lourdes; López Ostenero, Fernando; Martínez Romo, Juan; Plaza Morales, Laura
    Learning analytics has emerged as a promising tool for optimizing the learning experience and results, especially in online educational environments. An important challenge in this area is identifying the most difficult topics for students in a subject, which is of great use to improve the quality of teaching by devoting more effort to those topics of greater difficulty, assigning them more time, resources and materials. We have approached the problem by means of natural language processing techniques. In particular, we propose a solution based on a deep learning model that automatically extracts the main topics that are covered in educational documents. This model is next applied to the problem of identifying the most difficult topics for students in a subject related to the study of algorithms and data structures in a Computer Science degree. Our results show that our topic identification model presents very high accuracy (around 90 percent) and may be efficiently used in learning analytics applications, such as the identification and understanding of what makes the learning of a subject difficult. An exhaustive analysis of the case study has also revealed that there are indeed topics that are consistently more difficult for most students, and also that the perception of difficulty in students and teachers does not always coincide with the actual difficulty indicated by the data, preventing to pay adequate attention to the most challenging topics.