Romero Barriuso, ÁlvaroBallesteros Álvarez, Jesús ManuelVillena Escribano, Blasa MaríaFuentes Bargues, José LuisGonzález Gaya, Cristina2025-03-032025-03-032025-02-25Romero-Barriuso, Á., Ballesteros-Álvarez, J. M., Villena-Escribano, B. M., Fuentes-Bargues, J. L., & González-Gaya, C. (2025). Estimating Maximum Dwell Time for Firefighting Teams Based on Ambient Temperature and Radiant Heat Exposure. Fire, 8(3), 89. https://doi.org/10.3390/fire80300892571-6255https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030089https://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/26009La versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en Fire, 8(3), 89, está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: MDPI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030089. The copyrighted version of this article, first published in Fire, 8(3), 89, is available online at the publisher's website: MDPI: https://doi.org/10.3390/fire8030089.This research presents a scientifically grounded model designed to enhance the safety protocols for firefighting teams during fire intervention scenarios. The model estimates the maximum allowable exposure duration based on ambient temperature and radiant heat, employing data captured by thermal imaging cameras, which provide real-time measurements of infrared radiation emitted by fire-affected zones. Utilising the Stefan–Boltzmann law to quantify radiative heat transfer and Probit vulnerability analysis to assess thermal risk, critical temperature thresholds and corresponding exposure durations were determined. The results indicate that the maximum permissible ambient temperature for firefighting interventions is 263 °C, with a safe exposure duration of 26 s under these thermal conditions. This approach underscores the significance of ambient temperature as a pivotal parameter in risk assessment and intervention strategy development. Furthermore, the model’s applicability extends to other high-risk environments, including industrial operations, providing a robust and versatile framework for safety management. These findings contribute to advancing evidence-based protocols that mitigate injury risks, safeguard firefighting personnel, and optimise operational decision-making during emergencies.eninfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess33 Ciencias Tecnológicasartículofirefighting safetymaximum tolerable temperaturevulnerability analysismaximum intervention timethermal radiationintervention protocols