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Spiritual over physical formidability determines willingness to fight and sacrifice through loyalty in cross-cultural populations

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dc.contributor.authorTossella, Chad C.
dc.contributor.authorGómez Jiménez, Ángel
dc.contributor.authorDe Visser, Ewart J.
dc.contributor.authorVázquez Botana, Alexandra
dc.contributor.authorDonadio, Bianca T.
dc.contributor.authorMetcalfe, Amanda
dc.contributor.authorRogan, Charles
dc.contributor.authorDavis, Richard
dc.contributor.authorAtran, Scott
dc.contributor.funderAgencia Estatal de Investigación (España)
dc.date.accessioned2025-11-24T11:16:15Z
dc.date.available2025-11-24T11:16:15Z
dc.date.issued2022-02-07
dc.description.abstractAcross 11 studies involving six countries from four continents (n =3,285), we extend insights from field investigations in conflict zones to offline and online surveys to show that personal spiritual formidability—the conviction and immaterial resources (values, strengths of beliefs, character) of a person to fight—is positively associated with the will to fight and sacrifice for others. The physical formidability of groups in conflict has long been promoted as the primary factor in human decisions to fight or flee in times of conflict. Here, studies in Spain, Iraq, Lebanon, Palestine, and Morocco reveal that personal spiritual formidability, a construct distinct from religiosity, is more strongly associated with the willingness to fight and make costly self-sacrifices for the group than physical formidability. A follow-on study among cadets of the US Air Force Academy further indicates that this effect is mediated by a stronger loyalty to the group, a finding replicated in a separate study with a European sample. The results demonstrate that personal spiritual formidability is a primary determinant of the will to fight across cultures, and this individual-level factor, propelled by loyal bonds made with others, disposes citizens and combatants to fight at great personal risk.en
dc.description.versionversión publicada
dc.identifier.citationC.C. Tossell, A. Gómez, E.J. de Visser, A. Vázquez, B.T. Donadio, A. Metcalfe, C. Rogan, R. Davis, & S. Atran, Spiritual over physical formidability determines willingness to fight and sacrifice through loyalty in cross-cultural populations, Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 119 (6) e2113076119, https://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113076119 (2022).
dc.identifier.doihttps://doi.org/10.1073/pnas.2113076119
dc.identifier.issn1091-6490
dc.identifier.urihttps://hdl.handle.net/20.500.14468/30902
dc.journal.issue6
dc.journal.titleProceedings of the National Academy of Sciences
dc.journal.volume119
dc.language.isoen
dc.publisherPNAS
dc.relation.centerFacultad de Psicología
dc.relation.departmentPsicología Social y de las Organizaciones
dc.relation.projectidinfo:eu-repo/grantAgreement/AEI/Plan Estatal de Investigación Científica y Técnica y de Innovación 2017-2020/RTI2018-093550-B-I00/ES/FUSION DE IDENTIDAD, VIOLENCIA INTERGRUPAL E INTERPERSONAL. PREVENCION DE LA RADICALIZACION VIOLENTA, LA VIOLENCIA INTERPERSONAL, Y LAS CONSECUENCIAS PARA LAS VICTIMAS
dc.rightsinfo:eu-repo/semantics/openAccess
dc.rights.urihttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/deed.es
dc.subject6114 Psicología social
dc.subject.keywordsspiritual formidabilityen
dc.subject.keywordsphysical formidabilityen
dc.subject.keywordswill to fighten
dc.subject.keywordsself-sacrificeen
dc.subject.keywordsloyaltyen
dc.titleSpiritual over physical formidability determines willingness to fight and sacrifice through loyalty in cross-cultural populationsen
dc.typeartículoes
dc.typejournal articleen
dspace.entity.typePublication
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationf9edc9e5-b9ee-4fb5-bb60-018d63ee7ebc
relation.isAuthorOfPublicationb8d5debb-e233-4c9a-bfbd-e216e4c1f83a
relation.isAuthorOfPublication.latestForDiscoveryf9edc9e5-b9ee-4fb5-bb60-018d63ee7ebc
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