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Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspectivebibliuned:23034This article analyses family changes in Italy and Spain from 1960 to 1990 and contrasts them with four Central/Northern European countries. Italy and Spain show extremely rapid family changes, which nevertheless do not lead to a convergence between southern and central/northern families. The particularities of the southern family model are a high degree of cross-generational cohabitation, a high frequency of social contacts and help within kinship, a strong institutionalization of marriage, a low female employment rate in the formal labour market, a low fertility rate, and widespread family and child-oriented attitudes. In addition, relations between generations are seen more in terms of obligations than in terms of individual choice. We conclude that the specific economic situation, the particularities of social policies and the family culture in Italy and Spain are important barriers for a further individualization of family relations in these societies. The aim of this paper is to analyse Italy and Spain as representatives of a Mediterranean type of society. The question whether such a type exists with respect to family changes will be explored here. For this purpose we use a comparative perspective. Our assumption is that the division of labour between state, family, labour market and church in Mediterranean countries is a specific one. The societal configuration in the South will be analysed from the perspective of the family. First, we will describe differences in demography and family among countries as well as cultural differences observed by opinion surveys. Second, we will develop some hypotheses in order to explain the southern family characteristics, their interrelations and their relation to other institutions. To this end, we will concentrate on the possible effects that southern modernization processes, employment and unemployment trends, family laws, social policies and some historical and cultural peculiarities in Italy and Spain have on family patterns. In this paper the hypotheses will be put forward only in a preliminary way, without testing them. The socio-economic crisis that has affected all European countries since the mid-seventies has gradually produced a collective loss of faith in the possibility of uninterrupted economic growth and disillusion concerning the programmes and promises of the welfare society. As a result of the crisis, the institutional framework began to change and the social division of responsibilities among the various institutional spheres, state, market and family, had to (and still has to) be re-negotiated (Flora 1985). In the new social and economic context, the interest in the family in the analysis of western-welfare society has become wider. From a cross-national perspective it is often assumed that southern welfare states have a different division of labour between state, market and family than other Northern/Central European societies (Ferrera 1994). Studies on this field show that, despite the development of the welfare state, the family and the ‘serving work’ (Balbo 1983) carried out by women in southern welfare societies have continued to constitute an indispensable resource for the satisfaction of many basic needs. The changing age structure of the population, the decreasing fertility rate and the emerging female employment patterns in Italy and Spain may affect the southern division of labour in an important way. While analysts are emphasizing the importance of the family for the satisfaction of many basic needs in this welfare state crisis period, the most “family-oriented” countries are moving towards a more individualistic society? Is this a contradiction? First of all, it needs to be determined to what extent the family is changing in the South and therefore we will give a general overview on these changes in the European context. Since 1965, in most European countries - with varying intensity and timing - a reduction in the fertility rate and an increase in the divorce rate has taken place. These new family behaviours have been related to the gradual diffusion of cohabitation and to the increase in births out of wedlock. During the 1970s these family changes became more radical in Scandinavia and more widespread in Central Europe, but they remained weak in Southern Europe. What was really new were the relations between sexes and generations. Equal opportunities became an important issue in public life (Roussel 1992), and changes in family roles also occurred. More women have entered the labour market, in a wider range of occupations and for a longer period than at any other time since the Industrial Revolution (Rapoport 1989).010582<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Jurado Guerrero, Teresa" href="/fez/list/author/Jurado Guerrero, Teresa/">Jurado Guerrero, Teresa</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Naldini, Manuela" href="/fez/list/author/Naldini, Manuela/">Naldini, Manuela</a> . (<span class="citation_date">1996</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Is the South so different? Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspective" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:23034">Is the South so different? Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspective</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedSociologíaJurado Guerrero, TeresaNaldini, Manuelahttp://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:23034bibliuned:23034engDocumento.pdfbibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:Dpto.SociologiaII.ArticulosSet de openaireSet de artículoDepartamento de Sociología II (UNED). Artículoshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsJurado GuerreroAcceso abierto0.6757145534231996-03-01T00:00:00Z8172015-05-20T11:04:15Z2015-05-20T11:05:22ZSocial, demographic and cultural aspects of Equatorial Guineabibliuned:500383-Articulos-5015In Equatorial Guinea, the total population was 350000 in 1991. The population pyramid presents a broad base (due to the large proportion of children: 43% of the total population is under the age of 15 years) that tapers off to a narrow vertex (due to the low life expectancy: only 6,4% of the population is over 80). The estimated life expectancy in 1996 was 45 years in males and 51 years in females. The mean population density is 10 inhabitants per km' though the distribution is by no means homogeneous. The highest population density corresponds to the province of Kie- Ntem, with 17 inhabitants per km'; however, the island territories present the highest densities of the whole country, with 60 and 120 inhabitants per km' on North Bioko and Annob6n, respectively. The two main urban centers are the capital, Malabo, on the island of Bioko, with an estimated population of 58000 (60% of the total population on Bioko), and Bata, on the continent (population: approx. 45000). Seventy percent of the population of Equatorial Guinea lives in rural areas. Social indicators include: annual population growth rate (1991): 2,4%; global fertility rate (1988): 5,64 offspring per female; gross birth rate (J 989): 4,3%; gross mortality rate (1989): 1,9%; gross infant mortality rate (1989): 21,4%; illiteracy rate: 45%, of which over half are women; 23% of the population has completed primary schooling, 0,5% secondary education, and 0.2% university studies; of the latter, a full 88% are males; just under half of the population (48%) is employed, though only 38% are women. In economical terms, Equatorial Guinea possesses a free market economy, in which the private sector predominates. Expansion is hampered, however, by the precarious condition of the infrastructure, among other factors. The economy is basically fundamented upon two sectors: the exploitation of forest resources and agriculture, which involves 80% of the active population. Equatorial Guinea is included among the least developed countries, with severe deficiencies in terms of basic needs in nutrition, health, education and housing. The Fang are the predominant ethnic group in Equatorial Guinea, representing 82% of the global population. They are in turn divided into the Ntumu Fang to the North of the Uolo river, and the Okak Fang to the South. Four main ethnic groups collectively known as «Playeros- (or «Beach Peoples») inhabit Rfo Muni, the coast and the islands of Corisco and the Elobey group: the Ndowe (representing 3,7% of the population), the Bissio (1,4%) (previously known by the Spaniards as Bujebas), the Basseke, and the Balengue. The Bubi are second most numerous ethnic group, and are native to the island of Bioko. This group represents only 9% of the population. According to the 1983 census, of the total of 57740 inhabitants on Bioko, the Bubis accounted for 42%, while the remaining population was mainly Fang. The Fernandinos on Bioko island and the Annob6n on Bioko and Annob6n islands are minority groups. All these ethnic groups are of Bantu linguistic origin. Most of the population is Christian; however, religious beliefs are a syncretism combining monotheist Christian faith and traditional animist beliefs. The cult of ancestors is common in traditional belief among the different ethnic groups, as is communication with the supernatural world and with the spirits. Luck or ill fortune is always due to the intervention of spirits. These spirits are equally capable of protecting or causing bad luck, illnesses and death. Disease is seen as the confluence of physical and spiritual evil. Poor health is often attributed to a lack of adequate attention or homage to ancestors; it represents punishment by the ancestors for having transgressed certain norms or rules.010262<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Fernández Moreno, Nuria" href="/fez/list/author/Fernández Moreno, Nuria/">Fernández Moreno, Nuria</a> . (<span class="citation_date">1996</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Social, demographic and cultural aspects of Equatorial Guinea" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:500383-Articulos-5015">Social, demographic and cultural aspects of Equatorial Guinea</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedAntropologíaBarcelona : Asociacion de Parasitólogos EspañolesFernández Moreno, Nuria1Research and Reviews ill Parasitologybibliuned:500383-Articulos-5015http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:500383-Articulos-501585892-356engFernandez_Nuria_Socialdemographic.pdfpresmd_Fernandez_Nuria_Socialdemographic.xml1133-8466bibliuned:500383-Articulosbibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Antropología Social y Cultural (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia de acceso Creative CommonsFernández MorenoAcceso abierto0.4935532222222