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Several methods, such as the half-cycle correction and the life-table method, were developed to attenuate the error introduced in Markov models by the discretization of time. Elbasha and Chhatwal have proposed alternative “corrections” based on numerical integration techniques. They present an example whose results suggest that the trapezoidal rule, which is equivalent to the half-cycle correction, is not as accurate as Simpson’s 1/3 and 3/8 rules. However, they did not take into consideration the impact of discontinuities. Objective. To propose a method for evaluating Markov models with discontinuities. Design. Applying the trapezoidal rule, we derive a method that consists of adjusting the model by setting the cost at each point of discontinuity to the mean of the left and right limits of the cost function. We then take from the literature a model with a cycle length of 1 year and a discontinuity on the cost function and compare our method with other “corrections” using as the gold standard an equivalent model with a cycle length of 1 day. Results. As expected, for this model, the life-table method is more accurate than assuming that transitions occur at the beginning or the end of cycles. The application of numerical integration techniques without taking into account the discontinuity causes large errors. The model with averaged cost values yields very small errors, especially for the trapezoidal and the 1/3 Simpson rules. Conclusion. In the case of discontinuities, we recommend applying the trapezoidal rule on an averaged model because this method has a mathematical justification, and in our empirical evaluation, it was more accurate than the sophisticated 3/8 Simpson rule.08272<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Pérez-Martín, Jorge" href="/fez/list/author/Pérez-Martín, Jorge/">Pérez-Martín, Jorge</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Bermejo, Iñigo" href="/fez/list/author/Bermejo, Iñigo/">Bermejo, Iñigo</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Díez, Francisco J." href="/fez/list/author/Díez, Francisco J./">Díez, Francisco J.</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2019</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Evaluation of Markov models with discontinuities" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Jperez-003">Evaluation of Markov models with discontinuities</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedIngeniería InformáticaSociety for Medical Decision MakingPérez-Martín, JorgeBermejo, IñigoDíez, Francisco J.Medical Decision Makingbibliuned:95-Jperez-003http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Jperez-00341442039engPerez-Martin_Jorge_Markov-discontinuities.pdfpresmd_Perez-Martin_Jorge_Markov-discontinuities.xmlbibliuned:95bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloDepartamento de Inteligencia Artificial (UNED). ArtículosSet de openaireSet de artículohttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsPérez-MartínAcceso abierto10.1177/0272989X198379740.625425831982018-03-13T00:00:00Z9442018-03-23T00:31:03Z2020-12-01T20:45:23ZRepresentation of Native Americans: From Literature to Video Gamesbibliuned:master-Filologia-ELyCIyPS-SmartinezNative Americans have been an oppressed people since Columbian times, at the end of the fifteenth century. Even though indigenous cultures trace back further than the Neolithic period, the European colonisation brought about a threat to their way of life, traditions and culture; a threat that was later perpetuated in literature by means of the use of stereotypes and inaccurate misrepresentations, which, in turn, had a great influence on popular culture and, especially, on video games. The aim of this paper is to analyse how video games reinforce racial stereotypes, and how they can also be used to subvert such oversimplified conventions. The first section of this master’s thesis will briefly examine Native American history in order to contextualize the indigenous identity so as to reach a better understanding of the struggles Native Americans had to go through in colonial times exploring the assimilation and acculturation process they endured. We will continue to analyse how the Native American’s portrayal shifts from reality in literature for political or entertainment reasons, with the appearance of racial stereotypes in literary texts, ranging from Columbus’ letters and captivity novels to children’s and contemporary fiction, with the subsequent film adaptations, such as Peter Pan or the Twilight saga. We will continue to analyse how the oversimplified conventions of the noble savage, the great warrior, the spiritual shaman and the pan-Indian construct created by mainstream white society gain strength in video games, providing a justification of the importance of video games within popular culture as an industry that reaches millions of people around the world which has a powerful potential to raise racial awareness but not always accounts for racial diversity and tolerance, as seen in successful franchises such as Street Fighter or Tekken. Titles like Never Alone and Assassin’s Creed III, however, make use of this potential by means of faithful Native American portrayals. To conclude, we will ascertain that, despite the high number of Native American misrepresentations in the industry, video games can help subvert racial issues, promoting diversity, equality and tolerance, which can be achieved by means of a racially inclusive and collaborative game creation process.0Doctoral Thesis11912<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Martínez Linares, Samuel" href="/fez/list/author/Martínez Linares, Samuel/">Martínez Linares, Samuel</a>. (<span class="citation_date">2018</span>). <i><a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Representation of Native Americans: From Literature to Video Games" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:master-Filologia-ELyCIyPS-Smartinez">Representation of Native Americans: From Literature to Video Games</a></i> Master Thesis, <span class="citation_publisher">Universidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Filología</span>Recordmaster TesisPublishedFilologíaUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de FilologíaMartínez Linares, SamuelZamorano Rueda, Anabibliuned:master-Filologia-ELyCIyPS-Smartinezhttp://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:master-Filologia-ELyCIyPS-SmartinezengMartinez_Linares_Samuel_TFM.pdfpresmd_Martinez_Linares_Samuel_TFM.xmlbibliuned:master-Filologia-ELyCIyPSbibliuned:Settrabajosfindemasterbibliuned:SetopenaireMáster Universitario en Estudios Literarios y Culturales Ingleses y su Proyección Social (UNED)Set de items trabajo fin de másterSet de openaireMartínez LinaresAcceso abierto0.577609234232009-01-01T00:00:00Z5772011-08-29T23:19:27ZEnvejecimiento, caserío y atención social : la familia asume el cuidado del mayorbibliuned:ETFSerieVI-2009-2040La desestructuración familiar que en España ha supuesto un éxodo rural intensivo queda en evidencia
varias décadas después, una vez que la población que decidió continuar residiendo en el medio rural
ha envejecido. El anciano que habita en el medio rural carece a menudo del apoyo familiar necesario
para hacer frente a las barreras físicas y sociales que la edad y el aislamiento le imponen mientras los servicios
públicos no se adecúan a los caracteres propios de este medio. El habitante del caserío vasco, dada
la proximidad del medio urbano, ha sufrido en menor medida las consecuencias del éxodo rural, manteniéndose
más íntegra la red de apoyo familiar o, en todo caso, viéndose completada con la presencia del
que acudió al medio urbano. Como consecuencia, es la familia la que asume el cuidado del mayor, cumpliendo
éste su deseo de residir en casa hasta el final de su vida.An intensive rural exodus has supposed the rural familiar decomposition several decades later, once
the population that decided to continue residing in rural means has aged. The old one which it lives in rural
means often lacks the familiar support necessary to in front of do the physical and social barriers that the age
and the isolation impose to him while the services public are not adapted to the own characters of this means.
The habitant of the Basque small village, given the proximity of urban means, it has undergone to a lesser extent
the consequences of the rural exodus, staying the network of familiar support more complete or, in any
case, seeing itself completed with the presence that went to urban means. Like consequence, is the family
the one that assumes the care of the old people, fulfilling this one its desire to reside in house until the end
of its life.07032<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Alberdi Collantes, Juan Cruz" href="/fez/list/author/Alberdi Collantes, Juan Cruz/">Alberdi Collantes, Juan Cruz</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2009</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Envejecimiento, caserío y atención social : la familia asume el cuidado del mayor" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVI-2009-2040">Envejecimiento, caserío y atención social : la familia asume el cuidado del mayor</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/068128GeografíaUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Geografía e HistoriaAlberdi Collantes, Juan Cruzbibliuned:ETFSerieVI-2009-2040http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVI-2009-2040spaDocumento.pdfbibliuned:ETFSerieVI-2009bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloEspacio, tiempo y forma. Serie VI, Geografía. Nueva época. Año 2009, n. 2Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsAlberdi CollantesAcceso abierto0.525939734232016-01-01T00:00:00Z52024-01-23T08:30:51Z2024-01-23T08:30:51ZRay: Smart indoor/outdoor routes for the blind using Bluetooth 4.0 BLEbibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-0005This work describes the implementation of a cost-effective assistive mobile application aiming to improve the quality of life of visually impaired people. Taking into account the architectural adaptations being done in many cities around the world, such as tactile sidewalks, the mobile application provides support to guide the visually impaired through outdoor/indoor spaces making use of various navigation technologies. The actual development of the application presented herein has been done taking into account that the safety of the end user will very much depend on the robustness, accuracy and timeliness of the information to be provided. Furthermore, we have based our development on open source code: a must for applications to be adapted to the cultural and social characteristics of urban areas across the world.0402<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Castillo Cara, Manuel" href="/fez/list/author/Castillo Cara, Manuel/">Castillo Cara, Manuel</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Huaranga Junco, Edgar" href="/fez/list/author/Huaranga Junco, Edgar/">Huaranga Junco, Edgar</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Mondragón Ruiz, Giovanny" href="/fez/list/author/Mondragón Ruiz, Giovanny/">Mondragón Ruiz, Giovanny</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Salazar, Andree" href="/fez/list/author/Salazar, Andree/">Salazar, Andree</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Orozco Barbosa, Luis" href="/fez/list/author/Orozco Barbosa, Luis/">Orozco Barbosa, Luis</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Arias Antúnez, Enrique" href="/fez/list/author/Arias Antúnez, Enrique/">Arias Antúnez, Enrique</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2016</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Ray: Smart indoor/outdoor routes for the blind using Bluetooth 4.0 BLE" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-0005">Ray: Smart indoor/outdoor routes for the blind using Bluetooth 4.0 BLE</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedInformáticaLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en "Procedia Computer Science, Volume 83, 2016, Pages 690-694", está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: https://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.153ElsevierCastillo Cara, ManuelHuaranga Junco, EdgarMondragón Ruiz, GiovannySalazar, AndreeOrozco Barbosa, LuisArias Antúnez, EnriqueProcedia Computer Sciencebibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-0005http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Jmcastillo-000569069483engCastillo_Cara_Jose_Manuel_Ray_smart.pdfpresmd_Castillo_Cara_Jose_Manuel_Ray_smart.xml1877-0509bibliuned:95bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloDepartamento de Inteligencia Artificial (UNED). ArtículosSet de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsCastillo CaraAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1016/j.procs.2016.04.1530.525939734232014-09-01T00:00:00Z11512014-12-22T23:19:27ZLa orientación sexual ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos = Sexual orientation before the European Court of Human Rightsbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7070Este trabajo tiene por objeto el estudio de la jurisprudencia del TEDH en materia de orientación sexual, en la cual se basa el Tribunal Constitucional (STC 198/2012, de 6 de noviembre) para considerar la Constitución como un instrumento vivo que ha de interpretarse atendiendo a las condiciones presentes y, en consecuencia, decir que el art. 32.1 CE debe interpretarse de modo que no excluya el matrimonio entre personas del mismo sexo.
Para analizar la evolución de dicha jurisprudencia, he utilizado los documentos del TEDH en versión original (www.echr.coe.int) y consultado el Derecho interno relevante, así como bibliografía sobre el TEDH y los derechos LGTBI.
El texto se divide en seis apartados, incluyendo la introducción (primer epígrafe) y la bibliografía.
En el segundo epígrafe se comenta la jurisprudencia del TEDH sobre orientación sexual y Derecho Penal. El primer problema que analiza el Tribunal es la tipificación de las relaciones homosexuales en el Reino Unido, la República de Irlanda y Chipre. La prohibición fue declarada contraria al Convenio y las leyes modificadas. No obstante, algunos Estados mantuvieron la prohibición para los miembros del ejército y varias personas acudieron al Tribunal, que declaró violado el Convenio. Otro problema es el de la edad de consentimiento para las relaciones sexuales, en algunos países más elevada para las parejas del mismo sexo que para las de diferente; el Tribunal declaró esta distinción discriminatoria.
El objeto del tercer apartado es la jurisprudencia en materia de orientación sexual y vida familiar, comenzando con el matrimonio y otras formas de reconocimiento jurídico de las relaciones estables entre personas del mismo sexo y estudiando también asuntos relativos a la filiación. En estas Sentencias, la principal cuestión es si hubo violación de los arts. 8 y 14 CEDH. Puede apreciarse una evolución en las respuestas del Tribunal, según el cual el margen de apreciación de los Estados es aún importante pero los poderes públicos deben tener en cuenta que las diferencias basadas en el sexo o la orientación sexual requieren razones particularmente serias para justificarse. Dado que estos casos son muy recientes y hay algunos pendientes, no puede decirse que la opinión del TEDH en esta materia sea definitiva.
Se estudian también otros asuntos relevantes, en los que el TEDH analiza la eventual discriminación basada en la orientación sexual en relación con los arts. 3 (prohibición de la tortura y los tratos o penas inhumanos o degradantes), 10 (libertad de expresión) y 11 (libertad de reunión y asociación) del CEDH.
Las principales conclusiones alcanzadas al final del trabajo pueden resumirse así. En primer lugar, la tipificación de las relaciones homosexuales viola el derecho a la vida privada. Además, las diferencias basadas en la orientación sexual requieren razones especialmente serias para no ser discriminatorias. Por otro lado, el Tribunal declara que las parejas del mismo sexo necesitan, igual que las de distinto, reconocimiento y protección legales. Respecto a la filiación, se analiza cada caso concediendo a los Estados cierto margen de apreciación pero dentro de límites reducidos.The object of this work is to study the European Court of Human Rights case-law concerning sexual orientation, used by the Spanish Constitutional Court (STC 198/2012, 6 November) to consider the Constitution as a living instrument which has to be interpreted in present-day conditions and, consequently, say that Article 32.1 of the Constitution must be interpreted as not excluding same-sex marriage.
To analyze the evolution of the mentioned case-law, I have used the official documents of the ECHR in their original version (www.echr.coe.int). In addition, I have consulted the relevant domestic Law when it has been necessary as well as some bibliography about ECHR and LGBTI rights.
The paper is divided into six sections, including introduction (first epigraph) and bibliography.
The second epigraph is about the ECHR case-law on sexual orientation and Criminal Law. The first problem analyzed by the Court is the criminalization of homosexual relations in the United Kingdom, the Republic of Ireland and Cyprus. The ban was found contrary to the Convention and laws were modified. However, certain of those States maintained the interdiction for the members of the army and several people went before the Court, who declared de Convention violated. Another problem in which Criminal Law is involved is that of the age of consent for sexual relations, which in some domestic Law is higher for same-sex couples than for different-sex ones; the Court found this distinction discriminatory.
The object of the third section is the ECHR case-law on sexual orientation and family life, starting with marriage and other forms of legal recognition of stable same-sex couples and also studying cases related to filiation. In this group of judgments, the main question answered by the Court is whether there has been a violation of Articles 8 and 14 of the Convention. An evolution can be seen in its responses, according to which the margin of appreciation of the States is still important, although public authorities have to take into account that differences based on sex or sexual orientation require particularly serious reasons by way of justification. As these cases are very recent and there are some pending, the opinion of the Court on this issue cannot be said to be definitive.
Afterwards, other relevant cases are studied, in which the ECHR analyzes the alleged discrimination based on sexual orientation in connection with Articles 3 (prohibition of torture and inhuman or degrading treatment or punishment), 10 (freedom of expression) and 11 (freedom of assembly and association) of the Convention.
The main conclusions reached at the end of the work can be summarized as follows. First of all, criminalization of homosexual relations violates the right to respect for private life. In addition, differences based on sexual orientation need especially serious reasons not to be discriminatory. Moreover, the Court declares that same-sex couples need for legal recognition and protection as well as different-sex ones. As to filiation, the Court analyzes each case conferring the States certain margin of appreciation but within narrow limits.07992<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Gilbaja Cabrero, Estela" href="/fez/list/author/Gilbaja Cabrero, Estela/">Gilbaja Cabrero, Estela</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2014</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : La orientación sexual ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos = Sexual orientation before the European Court of Human Rights" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7070">La orientación sexual ante el Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos = Sexual orientation before the European Court of Human Rights</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoGilbaja Cabrero, Estelabibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7070bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7070esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2014, n. 91Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsGilbaja CabreroAcceso abierto0.515998334231996-01-01T00:00:00Z16062009-01-19T15:35:26Z2021-10-18T20:13:01ZIs the South so different? Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspectivebibliuned:23034This article analyses family changes in Italy and Spain from 1960 to 1990 and contrasts them with four Central/Northern European countries. Italy and Spain show extremely rapid family changes, which nevertheless do not lead to a convergence between southern and central/northern families. The particularities of the southern family model are a high degree of cross-generational cohabitation, a high frequency of social contacts and help within kinship, a strong institutionalization of marriage, a low female employment rate in the formal labour market, a low fertility rate, and widespread family and child-oriented attitudes. In addition, relations between generations are seen more in terms of obligations than in terms of individual choice. We conclude that the specific economic situation, the particularities of social policies and the family culture in Italy and Spain are important barriers for a further individualization of family relations in these societies. The aim of this paper is to analyse Italy and Spain as representatives of a Mediterranean type of society. The question whether such a type exists with respect to family changes will be explored here. For this purpose we use a comparative perspective. Our assumption is that the division of labour between state, family, labour market and church in Mediterranean countries is a specific one. The societal configuration in the South will be analysed from the perspective of the family. First, we will describe differences in demography and family among countries as well as cultural differences observed by opinion surveys. Second, we will develop some hypotheses in order to explain the southern family characteristics, their interrelations and their relation to other institutions. To this end, we will concentrate on the possible effects that southern modernization processes, employment and unemployment trends, family laws, social policies and some historical and cultural peculiarities in Italy and Spain have on family patterns. In this paper the hypotheses will be put forward only in a preliminary way, without testing them. The socio-economic crisis that has affected all European countries since the mid-seventies has gradually produced a collective loss of faith in the possibility of uninterrupted economic growth and disillusion concerning the programmes and promises of the welfare society. As a result of the crisis, the institutional framework began to change and the social division of responsibilities among the various institutional spheres, state, market and family, had to (and still has to) be re-negotiated (Flora 1985). In the new social and economic context, the interest in the family in the analysis of western-welfare society has become wider. From a cross-national perspective it is often assumed that southern welfare states have a different division of labour between state, market and family than other Northern/Central European societies (Ferrera 1994). Studies on this field show that, despite the development of the welfare state, the family and the ‘serving work’ (Balbo 1983) carried out by women in southern welfare societies have continued to constitute an indispensable resource for the satisfaction of many basic needs. The changing age structure of the population, the decreasing fertility rate and the emerging female employment patterns in Italy and Spain may affect the southern division of labour in an important way. While analysts are emphasizing the importance of the family for the satisfaction of many basic needs in this welfare state crisis period, the most “family-oriented” countries are moving towards a more individualistic society? Is this a contradiction? First of all, it needs to be determined to what extent the family is changing in the South and therefore we will give a general overview on these changes in the European context. Since 1965, in most European countries - with varying intensity and timing - a reduction in the fertility rate and an increase in the divorce rate has taken place. These new family behaviours have been related to the gradual diffusion of cohabitation and to the increase in births out of wedlock. During the 1970s these family changes became more radical in Scandinavia and more widespread in Central Europe, but they remained weak in Southern Europe. What was really new were the relations between sexes and generations. Equal opportunities became an important issue in public life (Roussel 1992), and changes in family roles also occurred. More women have entered the labour market, in a wider range of occupations and for a longer period than at any other time since the Industrial Revolution (Rapoport 1989).010582<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Jurado Guerrero, Teresa" href="/fez/list/author/Jurado Guerrero, Teresa/">Jurado Guerrero, Teresa</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Naldini, Manuela" href="/fez/list/author/Naldini, Manuela/">Naldini, Manuela</a> . (<span class="citation_date">1996</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Is the South so different? Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspective" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:23034">Is the South so different? Italian and Spanish families in a comparative perspective</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedSociologíaJurado Guerrero, TeresaNaldini, Manuelahttp://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:23034bibliuned:23034engDocumento.pdfbibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:Dpto.SociologiaII.ArticulosSet de openaireSet de artículoDepartamento de Sociología II (UNED). Artículoshttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsJurado GuerreroAcceso abierto0.5142513555652652