011false100true score desc 2gaptrue5mapcontentxmltrue50object_type_i,object_type_i_lookup,coverage_period_mt,geographic_area_mt,geographic_coordinates_mt,author_role_mt,contributor_role_mt,org_id_mt,org_role_mt,supervisor_mt,supervisor_id_mi,supervisor_id_mi_lookup,fields_of_research_mi,fields_of_research_mi_lookup,display_type_i,display_type_i_lookup,seo_code_mi,seo_code_mi_lookup,copyright_i,license_i,license_i_lookup,oa_compliance_t,oa_notes_t,grant_id_t,funding_body_t,description_of_resource_t,software_required_t,project_description_t,keywords_mt,project_name_t,project_id_t,isdatasetof_mt,isdatasetof_mt_lookup,notes_t,date_dt,xsd_display_option_mi,xsd_display_option_mi_lookup,file_downloads_i,created_date_dt,updated_date_dt,research_program_mt,title_t,depositor_i,isderivationof_mt,assigned_user_id_mt,assigned_group_id_mi,assigned_group_id_mi_lookup,isdatacomponentof_mt,isannotationof_mt,author_id_mi,author_id_mi_lookup,alternative_title_mt,pid_t,publisher_t,author_mt,contributor_mt,contributor_id_mi,contributor_id_mi_lookup,refereed_i,series_t,journal_name_t,newspaper_t,conference_name_t,book_title_t,identifier_mt,edition_t,subject_mi,subject_mi_lookup,place_of_publication_t,start_page_t,end_page_t,chapter_number_t,issue_number_t,volume_number_t,conference_dates_t,conference_location_t,patent_number_t,country_of_issue_t,description_t,date_available_dt,language_mt,phonetic_title_t,language_of_title_mt,translated_title_t,phonetic_journal_name_t,translated_journal_name_t,phonetic_book_title_t,translated_book_title_t,phonetic_newspaper_t,file_attachment_name_mt,translated_newspaper_t,phonetic_conference_name_t,translated_conference_name_t,issn_mt,isbn_mt,isi_loc_t,prn_t,output_availability_t,na_explanation_t,sensitivity_explanation_t,file_attachment_content_mt,org_unit_name_t,org_name_t,report_number_t,sequence_i,genre_t,genre_type_t,formatted_title_t,formatted_abstract_t,parent_publication_t,convener_t,ismemberof_mt,ismemberof_mt_lookup,link_mt,link_description_mt,rights_t,views_i,scopus_id_t,thomson_citation_count_i,gs_citation_count_i,gs_cited_by_link_t,scopus_citation_count_i,status_i,status_i_lookup,first_author_in_document_derived_t,first_author_in_fez_derived_t,ands_collection_type_t,start_date_dt,end_date_dt,access_conditions_t,extent_t,contact_details_email_mt,contact_details_physical_mt,loc_subject_heading_mt,depositor_affiliation_i,surrounding_features_mt,condition_mt,style_mt,period_mt,category_mt,subcategory_mt,structural_systems_mt,adt_id_t,subtype_t,language_of_parent_title_t,proceedings_title_t,file_description_mt,herdc_code_i,herdc_code_i_lookup,herdc_status_i,herdc_status_i_lookup,institutional_status_i,institutional_status_i_lookup,herdc_notes_t,follow_up_flags_i,follow_up_flags_i_lookup,follow_up_flags_imu_i,follow_up_flags_imu_i_lookup,scopus_doc_type_t,scopus_doc_type_t_lookup,wok_doc_type_t,wok_doc_type_t_lookup,conference_id_i,total_chapters_t,publisher_id_i,translated_proceedings_title_t,native_script_title_t,roman_script_title_t,native_script_book_title_t,roman_script_book_title_t,native_script_journal_name_t,roman_script_journal_name_t,native_script_conference_name_t,roman_script_conference_name_t,total_pages_t,native_script_proceedings_title_t,roman_script_proceedings_title_t,language_of_book_title_mt,language_of_journal_name_mt,language_of_proceedings_title_mt,doi_t,author_count_t,collection_year_dt,location_mt,building_materials_mt,architectural_features_mt,interior_features_mt,sherpa_colour_t,ain_detail_t,rj_2010_rank_t,rj_2010_title_t,rj_2012_rank_t,rj_2012_title_t,rc_2010_rank_t,rc_2010_title_t,herdc_code_description_t,score,citation_t1true60 (context element AND status_i:(2)) 6display_type_idisplay_type_i_lookup_exactkeywords_mftdate_year_tauthor_id_miauthor_id_mi_lookup_exactauthor_mftjournal_name_t_ftsubject_misubject_mi_lookup_exactgenre_type_t_ftismemberof_mftismemberof_mt_lookup_exactsubtype_t_ftscopus_doc_type_t_ftscopus_doc_type_t_lookup_exact(_authlister_t:(1)) AND (status_i:(2)) 34232020-06-13T00:00:00Z2392022-04-09T04:17:29Z2022-04-23T03:38:56ZCalvin’s political theology in contextbibliuned:577-0015Calvin was a man of the Church so his political doctrine stems from his ecclesiology, in response to both the Papal doctrine on the delegate power of the magistrates, and the Lutheran subordination of the Church to the civil authorities. He was not concerned with discussing the best possible regime, but rather with preparing a theological justification of civil power that would make it depend exclusively on God, not on the people. I will hold that Calvin states the people’s function is merely instrumental: they accept the authority chosen by God, but do not institute it. The only really relevant element is that both political vocation and the transmission of power that is indispensable to it, derive uniquely and exclusively from God. The discrepancies apparent in different authors’ interpretations can be clarified by recovering the context of his argumentation. This is the objective of this article.03092<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de García Alonso, Marta" href="/fez/list/author/García Alonso, Marta/">García Alonso, Marta</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2020</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Calvin’s political theology in context" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:577-0015">Calvin’s political theology in context</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedFilosofíaTaylor & FrancisGarcía Alonso, Marta1Intellectual History Reviewbibliuned:577-0015http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:577-0015541561431engGARCIA_ALONSO_M_Calvins_Political.pdfpresmd_GARCIA_ALONSO_M_Calvins_Political.xml1749-6977; EISSN: 1749-6985bibliuned:577bibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Filosofía y Filosofía Moral y Política (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsGarcía AlonsoAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1080/17496977.2020.17901490.7962630434232001-01-01T00:00:00Z14422008-03-28T23:20:29ZL'etruscitá di Persio e la sua posizione politicabibliuned:ETFSerie2-EB239123-1F86-009C-889C-A5CB15EC9C7AL'articolo propone un'analisi degli
elementi etruschi nell'opera e nella
cultura del poeta romano-etrusco
Persio di Volterra, e una
presentazione critica del pensiero
político di questo autore, nel suo
contesto filosófico, storico e religioso.The article proposes an analysis of the
Etruscan elements in the work and in
the culture of the Roman-Etruscan poet
Persius from Volterra and a critical
presentation of the politic thought of
this author, in his philosophical,
religious and historical context.05062<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Ramelli, Ilaria" href="/fez/list/author/Ramelli, Ilaria/">Ramelli, Ilaria</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2001</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : L'etruscitá di Persio e la sua posizione politica" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerie2-EB239123-1F86-009C-889C-A5CB15EC9C7A">L'etruscitá di Persio e la sua posizione politica</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/068273HistoriaUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Geografía e HistoriaRamelli, Ilariabibliuned:ETFSerie2-EB239123-1F86-009C-889C-A5CB15EC9C7Ahttp://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerie2-EB239123-1F86-009C-889C-A5CB15EC9C7AitaDocumento.pdfbibliuned:ETFSerieII2001bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloEspacio, tiempo y forma. Serie II, Historia antigua. Año 2001, n. 14Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsRamelliAcceso abierto0.586043934232023-06-16T00:00:00Z22024-03-13T08:36:14Z2024-03-13T08:36:14ZGaia Data Release 3. Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasurebibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0015Context. The Gaia DR3 catalogue contains, for the first time, about 800 000 solutions with either orbital elements or trend parameters for astrometric, spectroscopic, and eclipsing binaries, and combinations of these three. Aims. With this paper, we aim to illustrate the huge potential of this large non-single-star catalogue. Methods. Using the orbital solutions and models of the binaries, we have built a catalogue of tens of thousands of stellar masses or lower limits thereof, some with consistent flux ratios. Properties concerning the completeness of the binary catalogues are discussed, statistical features of the orbital elements are explained, and a comparison with other catalogues is performed. Results. Illustrative applications are proposed for binaries across the Hertzsprung-Russell Diagram (HRD). Binarity is studied in the giant branch and a search for genuine spectroscopic binaries among long-period variables is performed. The discovery of new EL CVn systems illustrates the potential of combining variability and binarity catalogues. Potential compact object companions are presented, mainly white dwarf companions or double degenerates, but one candidate neutron star is also found. Towards the bottom of the main sequence, the orbits of previously suspected binary ultracool dwarfs are determined and new candidate binaries are discovered. The long awaited contribution of Gaia to the analysis of the substellar regime shows the brown dwarf desert around solar-type stars using true rather than minimum masses, and provides new important constraints on the occurrence rates of substellar companions to M dwarfs. Several dozen new exoplanets are proposed, including two with validated orbital solutions and one super-Jupiter orbiting a white dwarf, all being candidates requiring confirmation. Besides binarity, higher order multiple systems are also found. Conclusions. By increasing the number of known binary orbits by more than one order of magnitude, Gaia DR3 will provide a rich reservoir of dynamical masses and an important contribution to the analysis of stellar multiplicity.0272<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Arenou, F." href="/fez/list/author/Arenou, F./">Arenou, F.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Babusiaux, C." href="/fez/list/author/Babusiaux, C./">Babusiaux, C.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Barstow, M. A." href="/fez/list/author/Barstow, M. A./">Barstow, M. A.</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel" href="/fez/list/author/Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel/">Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2023</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Gaia Data Release 3. Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0015">Gaia Data Release 3. Stellar multiplicity, a teaser for the hidden treasure</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedIngeniería InformáticaThe registered version of this paper, first published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2023) Vol.674, A34, is available online at the publisher's website: EDP Sciences, https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243782EDP SciencesArenou, F.Babusiaux, C.Barstow, M. A.Sarro Baro, Luis ManuelAstronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0015http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0015A34674engSarro_Baro_Luis_Manuel_GDR3_Stellar_Multiplicity.pdfpresmd_Sarro_Baro_Luis_Manuel_GDR3_Stellar_Multiplicity.xml1432-0746bibliuned:95bibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Inteligencia Artificial (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licencia Creative CommonsArenouAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/2022437820.5286239434232019-01-01T00:00:00Z52024-02-01T05:40:49Z2024-02-01T05:40:49ZCentral nucleus of the amygdala as a common substrate of the incubation of drug and natural reinforcer seekingbibliuned:DptoPSIBIO-FPSI-Articulos-Mucha-0001Relapse into drug use is a major problem faced by recovering addicts. In humans, an intensification of the desire for the drug induced by environmental cues—incubation of drug craving—has been observed. In rodents, this phenomenon has been modeled by studying drug seeking under extinction after different times of drug withdrawal (or using a natural reinforcer). Although much progress has been made, an integrated approach simultaneously studying different drug classes and natural reward and examining different brain regions is lacking. Lewis rats were used to study the effects of cocaine, heroin, and sucrose seeking incubation on six key brain regions: the nucleus accumbens shell/core, central/basolateral amygdala, and dorsomedial/ventromedial prefrontal cortex. We analyzed PSD95 and gephyrin protein levels, gene expression of glutamatergic, GABAergic and endocannabinoid elements, and amino acid transmitter levels. The relationships between the areas studied were examined by Structural Equation Modelling. Pathways from medial prefrontal cortex and basolateral complex of the amygdala to central nucleus of the amygdala, but not to the nucleus accumbens, were identified as common elements involved in the incubation phenomenon for different substances. These results suggest a key role for the central nucleus of amygdala and its cortical and amygdalar afferences in the incubation phenomenon, and we suggest that by virtue of its regulatory effects on glutamatergic and GABAergic dynamics within amygdalar circuits, the endocannabinoid system might be a potential target to develop medications that are effective in the context of relapse.0192<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Roura‐Martínez, David" href="/fez/list/author/Roura‐Martínez, David/">Roura‐Martínez, David</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Ucha, Marcos" href="/fez/list/author/Ucha, Marcos/">Ucha, Marcos</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Orihuel, Javier" href="/fez/list/author/Orihuel, Javier/">Orihuel, Javier</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de et al." href="/fez/list/author/et al./">et al.</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2019</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Central nucleus of the amygdala as a common substrate of the incubation of drug and natural reinforcer seeking" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoPSIBIO-FPSI-Articulos-Mucha-0001">Central nucleus of the amygdala as a common substrate of the incubation of drug and natural reinforcer seeking</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedPsicologíaLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en Addiction Biology, está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: WILEY, https://doi.org/10.1111/adb.12706WILEYRoura‐Martínez, DavidUcha, MarcosOrihuel, Javieret al.1Addiction Biologybibliuned:DptoPSIBIO-FPSI-Articulos-Mucha-0001http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoPSIBIO-FPSI-Articulos-Mucha-0001112engUcha_Tortuero_Marcos_CentralNucleus.pdfpresmd_Ucha_Tortuero_Marcos_CentralNucleus.xml1369-1600, 1355-6215bibliuned:DptoPSIBIO-FPSI-Articulosbibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Psicobiología (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsRoura‐MartínezAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1111/adb.127060.5286239434232022-03-22T00:00:00Z52024-01-30T05:11:32Z2024-01-30T06:11:55ZEl mar como escenario trágico de la Helena de Eurípidesbibliuned:DptoFiloClas-Articulos-Anavarro-0002The sea in the euripidean tragedy Helen is a recurring topos from the beginning of the play. The heroine has arrived in Egypt, kidnapped by Hermes due to Hera’s request, while her image has reached Troy by sea and has become the main cause of the Trojan War. Menelaus, on the other hand, breaks into the dramatic action as a shipwrecked man after seven years drifting and his intention is to come back together with his wife through the sea once the reconnaissance is made. The Greek captives also bring to light a variety of nautical imagery, mainly in the third στάσιμον where they urge the spouses for a pleasant and successful trip back to Greece (προπεμπτικόν). Hence, it may clarify how in this tragedy the sea, both as a dangerous place and as the unique way of salvation for the heroes, is established as the main element in the geographical context of the dramatic action0292<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Navarro Noguera, Andrea" href="/fez/list/author/Navarro Noguera, Andrea/">Navarro Noguera, Andrea</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2022</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : El mar como escenario trágico de la Helena de Eurípides" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoFiloClas-Articulos-Anavarro-0002">El mar como escenario trágico de la Helena de Eurípides</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedFilologíaLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en "Euphrosyne, 50 (2022), pp. 21-41", está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: https://doi.org/10.1484/J.EUPHR.5.132011BREPOLSNavarro Noguera, AndreaEuphrosynebibliuned:DptoFiloClas-Articulos-Anavarro-0002http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoFiloClas-Articulos-Anavarro-0002214150spaNavarro_Noguera_Andrea_El_mar_como_escenario.pdfpresmd_Navarro_Noguera_Andrea_El_mar_como_escenario.xml0870-0133; Online ISSN: 2736-3082bibliuned:DptoFiloClas-Articulosbibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Filología Clásica (UNED). ArtículosSet de openairehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc/4.0/Licencia Creative CommonsNavarro NogueraAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1484/J.EUPHR.5.1320110.518828134232023-06-16T00:00:00Z242024-02-20T06:09:32Z2024-02-20T06:29:04ZGaia Data Release 3 Chemical cartography of the Milky Waybibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0003Context. The motion of stars has been used to reveal details of the complex history of the Milky Way, in constant interaction with its environment. Nevertheless, to reconstruct the Galactic history puzzle in its entirety, the chemo-physical characterisation of stars is essential. Previous Gaia data releases were supported by a smaller, heterogeneous, and spatially biased mixture of chemical data from ground-based observations. Aims. Gaia Data Release 3 opens a new era of all-sky spectral analysis of stellar populations thanks to the nearly 5.6 million stars observed by the Radial Velocity Spectrometer (RVS) and parametrised by the GSP-Spec module. In this work, we aim to demonstrate the scientific quality of Gaia’s Milky Way chemical cartography through a chemo-dynamical analysis of disc and halo populations. Methods. Stellar atmospheric parameters and chemical abundances provided by Gaia DR3 spectroscopy are combined with DR3 radial velocities and EDR3 astrometry to analyse the relationships between chemistry and Milky Way structure, stellar kinematics, and orbital parameters. Results. The all-sky Gaia chemical cartography allows a powerful and precise chemo-dynamical view of the Milky Way with unprecedented spatial coverage and statistical robustness. First, it reveals the strong vertical symmetry of the Galaxy and the flared structure of the disc. Second, the observed kinematic disturbances of the disc – seen as phase space correlations – and kinematic or orbital substructures are associated with chemical patterns that favour stars with enhanced metallicities and lower [α/Fe] abundance ratios compared to the median values in the radial distributions. This is detected both for young objects that trace the spiral arms and older populations. Several α, iron-peak elements and at least one heavy element trace the thin and thick disc properties in the solar cylinder. Third, young disc stars show a recent chemical impoverishment in several elements. Fourth, the largest chemo-dynamical sample of open clusters analysed so far shows a steepening of the radial metallicity gradient with age, which is also observed in the young field population. Finally, the Gaia chemical data have the required coverage and precision to unveil galaxy accretion debris and heated disc stars on halo orbits through their [α/Fe] ratio, and to allow the study of the chemo-dynamical properties of globular clusters. Conclusions. Gaia DR3 chemo-dynamical diagnostics open new horizons before the era of ground-based wide-field spectroscopic surveys. They unveil a complex Milky Way that is the outcome of an eventful evolution, shaping it to the present day.0292<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Recio-Blanco, A." href="/fez/list/author/Recio-Blanco, A./">Recio-Blanco, A.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Kordopatis, G." href="/fez/list/author/Kordopatis, G./">Kordopatis, G.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Laverny, P. de" href="/fez/list/author/Laverny, P. de/">Laverny, P. de</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Palicio, P.A." href="/fez/list/author/Palicio, P.A./">Palicio, P.A.</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel" href="/fez/list/author/Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel/">Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2023</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Gaia Data Release 3 Chemical cartography of the Milky Way" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0003">Gaia Data Release 3 Chemical cartography of the Milky Way</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedIngeniería InformáticaThe registered version of this paper, first published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2023) 674, is available online at the publisher's website: Astronomy & Astrophysics; https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202243511EDP SciencesRecio-Blanco, A.Kordopatis, G.Laverny, P. dePalicio, P.A.Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel1Astronomy & Astrophysics (A&A)bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0003http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0003A38674engSarro-baro_luismanuel_GDR3ChemicalCartography.pdfpresmd_Sarro-baro_luismanuel_GDR3ChemicalCartography.xml1432-0746bibliuned:95bibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Inteligencia Artificial (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0License Creative CommonsRecio-BlancoAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/2022435110.4932802334232006-01-01T00:00:00Z17742009-04-17T21:13:36ZBlanco sobre blanco : la arquitectura y el cambio cromáticobibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2005-1E7E257B-E60F-3D82-F1DE-B240093CE2CAEl color tiene un impacto considerable en
la percepción general del paisaje urbano.
La luz resalta las superficies, la textura
subraya los materiales. Cuando en un
paisaje se realiza cualquier intervención,
ésta se convierte en atracción visual en
relación a su contexto, siendo necesario
considerar los factores determinantes de
esta nueva relación. El empleo del blanco
brillante supone introducir un elemento
perceptivo fuerte. Paradójicamente, es el
color más agresivo. Los materiales
naturales, como la propia naturaleza,
tienden a ser complejos en su textura y en
sus tonos. El uso generalizado de
productos industriales está conduciendo a
un empobrecimiento cromático de los
paisajes urbanos. El futuro del color blanco
pasa por un cambio en su concepción de
elemento decorativo hasta convertirlo en
fundamento del proyecto, aprovechando
sus cualidades de gradación tonal,
contraste, expansión espacial y
composición de escalas y formas.The colour has a significant impact on the
overall perception of an urban
environment. Light plays on surfaces, the
texture of materials are noticed.
Since any object introduced into the
environment becomes a visual target in
relation to its context, it is necessary to
considerer the factors determining that
relationship. Brilliant white forms a visual
target that attracts the eye. Paradoxically,
is the most intrusive colour. Natural
materials, like nature itself, tend to be
richly textured and subtly coloured.
Widely use of industrial products is leading
to a chromatic impoverishment on the
urbanscape. The future of white is going
through a change in its conception as
decorative element, until it is turned to
project foundation thanks to its qualities of
tonal gradation, contrast, spatial
expansion and composition of scales and
forms.05902<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Marina Barba, Jesús" href="/fez/list/author/Marina Barba, Jesús/">Marina Barba, Jesús</a> and <a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Morón Serna, Elena" href="/fez/list/author/Morón Serna, Elena/">Morón Serna, Elena</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2006</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Blanco sobre blanco : la arquitectura y el cambio cromático" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2005-1E7E257B-E60F-3D82-F1DE-B240093CE2CA">Blanco sobre blanco : la arquitectura y el cambio cromático</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/064676http://udcdata.info/068273http://udcdata.info/064754Historia del ArteUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Geografía e HistoriaMarina Barba, JesúsMorón Serna, Elenabibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2005-1E7E257B-E60F-3D82-F1DE-B240093CE2CAhttp://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2005-1E7E257B-E60F-3D82-F1DE-B240093CE2CAspaDocumento.pdfbibliuned:ETFSerieVII2005bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloEspacio, tiempo y forma. Serie VII, Historia del arte. Año 2005-2006, n. 18-19Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsMarina BarbaAcceso abierto0.451612334231997-01-01T00:00:00Z34332008-03-26T23:51:31ZEl Paleolítico Superior en la Mesetabibliuned:ETFSerie1-C62C8CD7-0799-5C66-DE3B-C29E664FAF23En el presente artículo se realiza una
revisión de las evidencias arqueológicas
y artísticas encuadrables en el
Pleistoceno Superior Final de la Meseta
castellana. La falta de información
arqueológica que se tieen sobre este
período es debida, más al escaso auge
y a la precariedad de resultados en la
investigación sobre esta fase de la
Prehistoria en nuestra región que a una
realidad objetiva. La abundancia de
yacimientos con arte correspondiente a
este momento no puede realicionarse,
con un vacío de referencias
arqueológicas pero, todavía tioy, es muy
difícil establecer sobre elementos
materiales, y sobre todo, estatigráficos,
el contexto cronológico y cultural en el
que se produciría el desarrollo de los
procesos artísticos del interior
peninsular. De cualquier forma
esperamos que en un futuro próximo se
produzca un sustancial avance en el
estudio de esta etapa en el área
concreta.In ttie present paper is accomplished a
review of the archaeologic and artistic
evidence during the Upper Pleistocene
in the Castilian Plateau. The lack of
archaeologic Information that has on
this period is had to, more to the
scarce summit and to the results
precariousness in the investigation
on this phase of the Prehistory in our
región than to an objective reality.
The abundance of deposits with
corresponding art to this moment
can not be related, to an archaeologic
references vacuum but, still today,
it is very difficult to establish on
material elements and, above all,
stratigraphics, the chronological
and cultural context in the one which
would be produced the development
of the artistic procesaos of the
peninsular interior. In any way we wait
that in a nex future is produced a
substantial advance in the study
of this stage in the concrete
área.08442<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Ripoll López, Sergio" href="/fez/list/author/Ripoll López, Sergio/">Ripoll López, Sergio</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Cacho Quesada, Carmen" href="/fez/list/author/Cacho Quesada, Carmen/">Cacho Quesada, Carmen</a> and <a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Municio González, Luciano José" href="/fez/list/author/Municio González, Luciano José/">Municio González, Luciano José</a> . (<span class="citation_date">1997</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : El Paleolítico Superior en la Meseta" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerie1-C62C8CD7-0799-5C66-DE3B-C29E664FAF23">El Paleolítico Superior en la Meseta</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/068273HistoriaUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Geografía e HistoriaRipoll López, SergioCacho Quesada, CarmenMunicio González, Luciano Josébibliuned:ETFSerie1-C62C8CD7-0799-5C66-DE3B-C29E664FAF23http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerie1-C62C8CD7-0799-5C66-DE3B-C29E664FAF23spaDocumento.pdfbibliuned:ETFSerieI1997bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloEspacio, tiempo y forma. Serie I, Prehistoria y arqueología. Año 1997, n. 10Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsRipoll LópezAcceso abierto0.451612334232023-01-01T00:00:00Z212024-01-16T13:49:05Z2024-01-16T13:49:33ZForensic Analysis Laboratory for Sport Devices: A Practical Case of Usebibliuned:DptoSCC-ETSI-Articulos-Arobles-004At present, the mobile device sector is experiencing significant growth. In particular, wear- 1 able devices have become a common element in society. This fact implies that users unconsciously 2 accept the constant dynamic collection of private data about their habits and behaviours. Therefore, 3 this work focuses on highlighting and analyzing some of the main issues that forensic analysts face 4 in this sector, such as the lack of standard procedures for analysis and the common use of private 5 protocols for data communication. Thus, it is almost impossible for a digital forensic specialist to 6 fully specialize in the context of wearables, such as smartwatches for sports activities. With the aim 7 of highlighting these problems, a complete forensic analysis laboratory for such sports devices is 8 described in this paper. We selected a smartwatch belonging to the Garmin Forerunner Series, due to 9 its great popularity. Through an analysis, its strengths and weaknesses in terms of data protection 10 are described. We also analyze how companies are increasingly taking personal data privacy into 11 consideration, in order to minimize unwanted information leaks. Finally, a set of initial security 12 recommendations for the use of these kinds of devices are provided to the reader.0382<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Donaire, Pablo" href="/fez/list/author/Donaire, Pablo/">Donaire, Pablo</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Robles-Gómez, Antonio" href="/fez/list/author/Robles-Gómez, Antonio/">Robles-Gómez, Antonio</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Tobarra, Llanos" href="/fez/list/author/Tobarra, Llanos/">Tobarra, Llanos</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Pastor-Vargas, Rafael" href="/fez/list/author/Pastor-Vargas, Rafael/">Pastor-Vargas, Rafael</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2023</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Forensic Analysis Laboratory for Sport Devices: A Practical Case of Use" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoSCC-ETSI-Articulos-Arobles-004">Forensic Analysis Laboratory for Sport Devices: A Practical Case of Use</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedIngeniería InformáticaLa versión registrada de este artículo, publicado por primera vez en Electronics, está disponible en línea en el sitio web del editor: https://doi.org/10.3390/electronics12122710MDPIDonaire, PabloRobles-Gómez, AntonioTobarra, LlanosPastor-Vargas, RafaelElectronicsbibliuned:DptoSCC-ETSI-Articulos-Arobles-004http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:DptoSCC-ETSI-Articulos-Arobles-00412012, 271012engRobles_G__mez_Antonio_ForensicAnalysisLaborator.pdfpresmd_Robles_G__mez_Antonio_ForensicAnalysisLaborator.xml2079-9292bibliuned:DptoSCC-ETSI-Articulosbibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Sistemas de Comunicación y Control. E.T.S.I. Informática (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/Licencia Creative CommonsDonaireAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.3390/electronics121227100.451612334232012-01-01T00:00:00Z21702013-09-17T23:19:27ZArquitectura regionalista en Galicia : de la mirada al románico a la revalorización barroco = Regionalist Architecture in Galicia : from a look to romanic to the Baroque revaluationbibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2012-25-1055El artículo analiza la búsqueda de contenidos en la historia a la hora de definir una arquitectura regionalista en Galicia en las primeras décadas del siglo XX. Esa mirada se contextualiza en una metodología similar a la que emplea el galleguismo en la afirmación de la identidad y cultura propia. En la arquitectura el proceso llevó a valorar la arquitectura popular y las milenarias tradiciones de la cantería granítica, a admirar el románico y a descubrir la singularidad del barroco compostelano. También se examina la importancia de la divulgación de los valores del patrimonio para que la sociedad reconociese complacida aquellos elementos procedentes de la tradición que sus arquitectos incorporaban a sus creaciones.
This article discusses the search for
heritage contents in order to define
regionalist architecture in Galicia during
the first decades of the 20th century. The
context of this perspective is established
under a methodology similar to the one
used in the defense of the Galician culture
and self-identity. In architecture, this
process led to appreciate the folk’s
architecture and a-thousand-year tradition
of stone working in granite stone, to
admire Romanic and to discover the
singularity of the Compostela Baroque
style. Moreover, it is also examined the
importance of spreading the heritage
values so that the society could recognize
the elements coming from the traditional
style in the architects’ creations.06692<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Iglesias Veiga, José Ramón" href="/fez/list/author/Iglesias Veiga, José Ramón/">Iglesias Veiga, José Ramón</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2012</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Arquitectura regionalista en Galicia : de la mirada al románico a la revalorización barroco = Regionalist Architecture in Galicia : from a look to romanic to the Baroque revaluation" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2012-25-1055">Arquitectura regionalista en Galicia : de la mirada al románico a la revalorización barroco = Regionalist Architecture in Galicia : from a look to romanic to the Baroque revaluation</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/064676http://udcdata.info/068273http://udcdata.info/064754Historia del ArteUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Geografía e HistoriaIglesias Veiga, José Ramónbibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2012-25-1055http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2012-25-1055spaDocumento.pdfbibliuned:ETFSerieVII-2012bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloEspacio, tiempo y forma. Serie VII, Historia del arte. Año 2012, n. 25Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsIglesias VeigaAcceso abierto0.451612334232014-05-01T00:00:00Z4042014-09-05T23:19:27ZLa ruptura de la constitución material del estado social: la constitucionalización de la estabilidad presupuestaria como paradigma = Breaking the material constitution of social state: the constitutionalization of the budgetary stability as paradigmbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6030En agosto de 2011, el gobierno y el principal partido de la oposición acordaban la reforma del artículo 135 de la Constitución española, argumentando la necesidad de establecer un corsé constitucional al déficit público ante los desafíos de la primera crisis sistémica de la globalización, con la consiguiente juridificación de un principio de austeridad del Estado social. En este sentido, la constitucionalización del principio de estabilidad presupuestaria deviene condición sine qua non para la recuperación de la confianza de los mercados en un contexto de crisis global, que hace necesario redefinir la política de déficit para adaptarla a las exigencias demandadas por los nuevos procesos en curso. Sin embargo, la constitucionalización de un límite a la deuda y gasto público lejos de representar una reforma menor que no afecta a aspectos sustantivos de la Carta Magna, implica una alteración sustancial y sin precedentes de nuestra forma de Estado social positivizada por el artículo 1.1 de la Constitución. Fundamentalmente, desde el punto de vista de la constitución económica del constitucionalismo social, verdadero ámbito de materialización de las trasformaciones actuadas por esta forma de Estado. De hecho, con la reforma se establece una nueva relación entre política y economía caracterizada por la centralidad de la estrategia de acumulación y la subordinación del vínculo social. La centralidad del mercado sitúa en el centro de la forma de Estado al mercado, y materializa en el ámbito formal constitucional, la constitución material del constitucionalismo de mercado europeo que ya se había infiltrado en el ámbito infraconstitucional. Por eso, consideramos erróneas aquellas reflexiones que definen la constitucionalización de la estabilidad presupuestaria como un ejercicio reformador coherente con el cuerpo básico de valores consensuado en 1978. En particular, porque la reforma rompe con la lógica dialéctica al superponer un elemento, la estabilidad presupuestaria, que no es susceptible de ser integrado en la dialéctica constitucional.In August 2011, the government and the main opposition party agreed the reform of Article 135 of the Spanish Constitution, arguing the need for a constitutional corset to the public deficit in order to face the challenges of the first systemic crisis of the globalization, which in turn juridification of an austerity principle of social State. In this sense, the constitutionalization of the principle of budgetary stability becomes a prerequisite for the recovery of market confidence in a context of global crisis that makes necessary to redefine the deficit policy in order to suit the requirements demanded by new processes in course. However, the constitutionalization of a limit to public debt and government spending, far from representing a minor reform that does not affect the substantive aspects of the Constitution, means a substantial alteration of our form of social State positivized by Article 1.1 of the Constitution. Basically, from the point of view of the economic constitution of social constitutionalism, true scope of realization of the transformations performed by this form of state. In fact, with the reform a new relationship between politics and economy is established. A relationship characterised by the centrality of the accumulation strategy and the subordination of the social spending. This centrality of the market stands the market at the centre of the form of State and materializes the material constitution of European market constitutionalism, already infiltrated into legislative sphere, in the formal constitutional space. For these reasons, we consider as inappropriate those proposals according to which the constitutionalization of budgetary stability is in line with the basic values adopted by our Constitution in 1978. Particularly, because the reform breaks with the dialectic logic superimposing an element, budgetary stability, that is not capable of being integrated into the constitutional dialectic.08162<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Lasa López, Ainhoa" href="/fez/list/author/Lasa López, Ainhoa/">Lasa López, Ainhoa</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2014</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : La ruptura de la constitución material del estado social: la constitucionalización de la estabilidad presupuestaria como paradigma = Breaking the material constitution of social state: the constitutionalization of the budgetary stability as paradigm" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6030">La ruptura de la constitución material del estado social: la constitucionalización de la estabilidad presupuestaria como paradigma = Breaking the material constitution of social state: the constitutionalization of the budgetary stability as paradigm</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoLasa López, Ainhoabibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6030bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6030esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2014, n. 90Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsLasa LópezAcceso abierto0.384396534232023-12-08T00:00:00Z42024-02-20T07:41:30Z2024-02-20T07:41:30ZGaia Focused Product Release:Asteroid orbital solution. Properties and assessmentbibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0008Context. We report the exploitation of a sample of Solar System observations based on data from the third Gaia Data Release (Gaia DR3) of nearly 157 000 asteroids. It extends the epoch astrometric solution over the time coverage planned for the Gaia DR4, which is not expected before the end of 2025. This data set covers more than one full orbital period for the vast majority of these asteroids. The orbital solutions are derived from the Gaia data alone over a relatively short arc compared to the observation history of many of these asteroids. Aims. The work aims to produce orbital elements for a large set of asteroids based on 66 months of ccurate astrometry provided by Gaia and to assess the accuracy of these orbital solutions with a omparison to the best available orbits derived from independent observations. A second validation is performed with accurate occultation timings. Methods. We processed the raw astrometric measurements of Gaia to obtain astrometric positions of moving objects with 1D sub-mas accuracy at the bright end. For each asteroid that we matched to the data, an orbit fitting was attempted in the form of the best fit of the initial conditions at the median epoch. The force model included Newtonian and relativistic accelerations to derive the observation equations, which were solved with a linear least-squares fit. Results. Orbits are provided in the form of state vectors in the International Celestial Reference Frame for 156 764 asteroids, including near-Earth objects, main-belt asteroids, and Trojans. For the asteroids with the best observations, the (formal) relative uncertainty σa/a is better than 10−10. Results are compared to orbits available from the Jet Propulsion Laboratory and MPC. Their orbits are based on much longer data arcs, but from positions of lower quality. The relative differences in semi-major axes have a mean of 5 × 10−10 and a scatter of 5 × 10−9.0252<a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de David, P." href="/fez/list/author/David, P./">David, P.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Mignard, F." href="/fez/list/author/Mignard, F./">Mignard, F.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Hestroffer, D." href="/fez/list/author/Hestroffer, D./">Hestroffer, D.</a>, <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de P. Tanga2" href="/fez/list/author/P. Tanga2/">P. Tanga2</a> y <a class="citation_author_name" title="Navegar por nombre de Autor de Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel" href="/fez/list/author/Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel/">Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2023</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click para ver : Gaia Focused Product Release:Asteroid orbital solution. Properties and assessment" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0008">Gaia Focused Product Release:Asteroid orbital solution. Properties and assessment</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedIngeniería InformáticaThe registered version of this paper, first published in Astronomy & Astrophysics (2023) 680 - A37, is available online at the publisher's website: Astronomy & Astrophysics; https://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/202347270EDP SciencesDavid, P.Mignard, F.Hestroffer, D.P. Tanga2Sarro Baro, Luis Manuel1Astronomy & Astrophysicsbibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0008http://e-spacio.uned.es/fez/view/bibliuned:95-Lmsarro-0008A38680engSarro-Baro_LuisManuel_GFPRAsteroidOrbitalSolut.pdfpresmd_Sarro-Baro_LuisManuel_GFPRAsteroidOrbitalSolut.xml1432-0746bibliuned:95bibliuned:Setarticulobibliuned:SetopenaireDepartamento de Inteligencia Artificial (UNED). ArtículosSet de artículoSet de openairehttps://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0License Creative CommonsDavidAcceso abiertohttps://doi.org/10.1051/0004-6361/2023472700.384396534232014-09-01T00:00:00Z3782014-12-19T23:19:27ZIncitación al terrorismo y libertad de expresión: el marco internacional de una relación problemática = Incitement to terrorism and freedom of expression: the international framework of a problematic relationshipbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7050La Resolución 1624 (2005) del Consejo de Seguridad de las Naciones Unidas no define la incitación al terrorismo. Sí lo hace, por el contrario, el Convenio núm. 196 del Consejo de Europa de 2005 que caracteriza la provocación pública al terrorismo incluyendo deliberadamente la incitación indirecta, exigiendo una intencionalidad específica y un resultado de peligro de comisión de un delito terrorista. El Informe explicativo del Convenio remite a la jurisprudencia del TEDH para establecer los elementos a considerar en la apreciación de dicho peligro haciendo así de ella un parámetro interpretativo. La Decisión Marco del Consejo de la Unión Europea ha adoptado desde 2008 la misma definición que el Convenio por lo que cabe hablar de un modelo europeo de penalización de la incitación al terrorismo que ha sido criticado por utilizar un definición abierta y general en conflicto con el principio de seguridad jurídica y por la indeterminación de la naturaleza del peligro provocado por la incitación. Estas críticas no han impedido, sin embargo, que el Relator Especial de las Naciones Unidas haya considerado la definición del Convenio como una práctica óptima en la lucha contra el terrorismo. Con posterioridad al Convenio, el TEDH ha dado lugar a desarrollos jurisprudenciales relevantes sobre la incitación indirecta como los casos Leroy (2008) y Yavuz y Yayali (2013). El enfoque norteamericano que requiere inminencia y probabilidad del peligro es el referente de las posiciones críticas con el estándar europeo que se pretende extender universalmente en un proyecto de convenio internacional para la prevención de la incitación al terrorismo surgiendo la problemática de su adecuación más allá del contexto europeo en el que ha surgido.Resolution 1624 (2005) of the Security Council of the United Nations does not define incitement to terrorism. By contrast, Council of Europe Convention n.º 196 on the Prevention of Terrorism (2005) characterizes public provocation to terrorism deliberately including indirect incitement and requiring both specific intent and a result of danger of commission of a terrorist offense. The Explanatory Report of the Convention refers to the case-law of the ECtHR to fix on the elements to be considered in the assessment of the danger, thus making it an interpretative parameter. The Framework Decision of the Council of the European Union has adopted since 2008 the same definition that the Convention as it is possible to speak of a European model of criminalization of incitement to terrorism that has been criticized for using a broad and open definition in conflict with the principle of legal certainty and not determining the nature of the danger caused by incitement. These criticisms have not prevented, however, that the Special Rapporteur of the United Nations has considered the definition of the Convention as a best practice in the fight against terrorism. After the Convention, the ECtHR has led to relevant developments of case-law on the indirect incitement as cases Leroy (2008) and Yavuz and Yayali (2013). The US approach that requires imminence and likelihood of danger is the benchmark for the critical positions with the European standard that is intended to extend universally in a draft international convention for the prevention of incitement to terror raising the issue if it is appropriate beyond the European context in which it has emerged.07522<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Rollnert Liern, Göran" href="/fez/list/author/Rollnert Liern, Göran/">Rollnert Liern, Göran</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2014</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : Incitación al terrorismo y libertad de expresión: el marco internacional de una relación problemática = Incitement to terrorism and freedom of expression: the international framework of a problematic relationship" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7050">Incitación al terrorismo y libertad de expresión: el marco internacional de una relación problemática = Incitement to terrorism and freedom of expression: the international framework of a problematic relationship</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoRollnert Liern, Göranbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7050bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91-7050esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-91bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2014, n. 91Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsRollnert LiernAcceso abierto0.384396534232013-05-01T00:00:00Z3992014-07-01T23:19:27ZDemocracia directa y religión: problemas derivados de la decisión suiza de prohibir los minaretes = Direct democracy and religion: problems derived from the swiss ban of minaretsbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2013-87-6045La posibilidad de aprobar por referéndum reformas constitucionales de
iniciativa popular caracteriza el régimen suizo en línea con su apuesta
por la utilización de mecanismos de democracia directa. Sin embargo,
la estrechez de los límites constitucionales impuestos a estas iniciativas
puede dar lugar a serias contradicciones entre el orden jurídico-político
interno y los compromisos internacionales asumidos por el país, lo que
resulta particularmente grave en lo que se refiere a los derechos humanos.
Así, la aprobación en 2009 de una nueva disposición constitucional
que prohíbe taxativamente la construcción de minaretes en la Federación
Helvética supone una fuente de conflictos normativos que parte
desde la posible violación de la libertad religiosa o el derecho a la no
discriminación, protegidos por las principales normas internacionales de
derechos humanos. En las condiciones actuales, hallar una solución estable
a esta suerte de contradicciones normativas resulta complicado, toda vez que la cultura política suiza es reacia tanto a ensanchar los límites de
la soberanía popular como a recibir correcciones de jueces extranjeros.
De este modo, se presentan por un lado una serie de problemas o dificultades
de orden jurídico y por otra parte, cuestiones de naturaleza
política. Entre las primeras, debe analizarse en primer lugar si una prohibición
de la construcción de minaretes en sede constitucional entraña
una violación de los derechos a la libertad religiosa o a la no discriminación
tal y como se recogen en normas internacionales, especialmente
el Convenio Europeo de Derechos Humanos. Respecto a este mismo
punto, cabe estudiar el acceso al Tribunal Europeo de Derechos Humanos
como garante de dicho convenio contra la disposición constitucional
suiza o las decisiones tomadas en aplicación de la misma. En segundo
lugar, es preciso estudiar los conflictos que pueden producirse en el
orden suizo entre normas constitucionales y normas internacionales, así
como plantear posibles soluciones a las mismas. Por lo que se refiere a las cuestiones de orden político, su análisis
deviene relevante para contextualizar adecuadamente las dificultades
jurídicas explicadas. En primera instancia, es conveniente estudiar el
significado del referéndum planteado en 2009 respecto de la construcción
de nuevos minaretes en un país que apenas cuenta con cuatro de
estas construcciones. La cultura política tradicional de Suiza ayuda en
este sentido a entender las dificultades de articulación entre la democracia
directa y un posible control jurídico internacional, así como la
relativa ausencia de controles internos, en sede judicial o parlamentaria
de las iniciativas populares. El peculiar modelo suizo se presenta
así problemático en un contexto de armonización europea sobre la
base de un marco común de protección de derechos humanos.
El análisis conduce a resaltar la necesidad de ensanchar los filtros de
admisión de iniciativas populares, reinterpretando el concepto de
normas imperativas de Derecho internacional a fin de incluir en las
mismas los elementos de los derechos humanos que pueden constituir
hoy en día parte de un acervo europeo común.The option to approve by referendum constitutional amendments proposed
by popular initiatives is one of the characteristic of the Swiss regime,
which fosters the use of direct democracy mechanisms. However,
the narrowness of the constitutional limits to this kind of initiatives
may open the door to serious contradictions between the domestic legal
order and those international commitments undertaken by the country,
being this particularly relevant in respect of human rights protection.
Thus, the approval in 2009 of a new constitutional clause banning the construction of minarets in the Helvetic Federation entails a set of legal
questions, starting from the possible violation of the religious freedom
or the right not to be discriminated against, both protected by the
highest international norms on human rights. Within the current conditions,
finding an stable solution to these legal inconsistencies seems
difficult, being the Swiss political culture reluctant to enlarge the limits
of the popular sovereignty and to receive mandates from foreign judges.
In this way, we face on the one hand problems or difficulties in the legal
field and, on the other hand, questions of a political nature. Among
the former, it must be firstly analysed whether the ban for construction
of new minarets at the Constitution entails per se a violation freedom of
religion or the right not to be discriminated against, in the way these
rights are understood in the main international human rights instrument,
such as the European Convention of Human Rights. In relation
to the same point, it is also possible to study the access to the European
Court of Human Rights as legal guarantee of the aforementioned treaty,
appealing against the constitutional clause or against the possible
decisions taken in its implementation. Secondly, it is necessary to reflect
about the conflicts that may arise at the Swiss legal order between
constitutional dispositions and international norms, as well as look for
possible solutions to these inconsistencies. As for the political aspects, their analysis becomes relevant to rightly
contextualize the aforementioned legal difficulties. Firstly, it is
necessary to reflect about the real meaning of the 2009 referendum
in a country where no more than four minarets can be found. The
traditional political culture of Switzerland helps in this respect to
understand the difficulties to put together direct democracy and
international legal controls, or the absence of parliament or judicial
domestic controls for popular initiatives. The peculiar Swiss model is
thus a problematic one in a context of European harmonisation on the
basis of a common framework of human rights protection.
The analysis brings us to underline the need to enlarge the admission
filters of the popular initiatives, adopting a new interpretation of the
concept of peremptory norms of international law, with the aim of
including in it those elements of human rights that constitute today
a European common acquis.08002<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo J." href="/fez/list/author/Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo J./">Ruiz Vieytez, Eduardo J.</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2013</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : Democracia directa y religión: problemas derivados de la decisión suiza de prohibir los minaretes = Direct democracy and religion: problems derived from the swiss ban of minarets" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2013-87-6045">Democracia directa y religión: problemas derivados de la decisión suiza de prohibir los minaretes = Direct democracy and religion: problems derived from the swiss ban of minarets</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoRuiz Vieytez, Eduardo J.bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2013-87-6045bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2013-87-6045esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2013-87bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2013, n. 87Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsRuiz VieytezAcceso abierto0.350788614144433242321413314133