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A propósito del juicio de constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria = The United States´ Supreme Court and the federalism of the welfare state. With regard to the constitutionality of the healthcare reformbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6020El presente artículo estudia el debate doctrinal y judicial sobre la constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria aprobada por el Congreso de los Estados Unidos. Concretamente, tras exponer cuáles son los fundamentos de esta reforma, este trabajo se va a centrar en los nuevos perfiles del federalismo cooperativo americano que se deducen de la interpretación que hace la Corte Suprema en National Federation of Independent Business v. Sibelius, de tres cláusulas clave en la evolución del modelo de distribución territorial del poder en los Estados Unidos de América: la Commerce Clause, la Necessary and Proper Clause y la Spending and Taxing Clause. Este estudio también se aproximará al debate surgido en torno a cuál ha de ser el nivel de deferencia hacia el legislador por parte de los jueces, a la hora de aplicar las reglas del poder territorial en el juicio de constitucionalidad de determinadas leyes de especial significación democrática. Para finalizar, también se analizará, a la luz de las objeciones libertarias vertidas contra la reforma, cómo progresivamente las categorías del federalismo desplazan a las del Bill of Righs en la defensa de ciertas libertades económicas frente a determinados programas sociales federales.This article studies the doctrinal and judicial debate on the constitutionality of the Health Care Reform passed by the U. S. Congress. After exposing the foundations of the reform, the article focuses on the new profiles of the American cooperative federalism that stem from the interpretation that the Supreme Court has done in the National Federation of Independent Business v. Sibelius of three key clauses for the evolution of the territorial distribution of powers in the U. S. A: the Commerce Clause, the Necessary and Proper Clause and the Spending and Taxing Clause. Furthermore, this article reflects on which should be the degree of deference of judges to the legislator when it comes to enforce the rules of territorial power in judging the constitutionality of laws with particular democratic relevance. In light of the libertarian criticism on the reform, the article ends with an analysis on how the categories of federalism are increasingly displacing the Bills of Rights in the defense of certain economic freedoms in front of federal social programs.06392<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Vázquez Alonso, Víctor J." href="/fez/list/author/Vázquez Alonso, Víctor J./">Vázquez Alonso, Víctor J.</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2014</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : La Corte Suprema norteamericana y el federalismo del bienestar. A propósito del juicio de constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria = The United States´ Supreme Court and the federalism of the welfare state. With regard to the constitutionality of the healthcare reform" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6020">La Corte Suprema norteamericana y el federalismo del bienestar. A propósito del juicio de constitucionalidad de la reforma sanitaria = The United States´ Supreme Court and the federalism of the welfare state. With regard to the constitutionality of the healthcare reform</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoVázquez Alonso, Víctor J.bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6020bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6020esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2014, n. 90Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsVázquez AlonsoAcceso abierto5.286623534232014-05-01T00:00:00Z2542014-09-03T23:19:27ZHate speech y tolerancia religiosa en el sistema helvético de democracia participativa = Hate speech and religious tolerance in the swiss participatory democracybibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6035El 21 de diciembre de 1965, la Asamblea General de las Naciones Unidas emitía una señal de alarma ante las constantes manifestaciones de discriminación racial y por las políticas gubernamentales basadas en la superioridad y el odio racial. De aquella asamblea surgió un Convenio por el que se condenaba toda la propaganda y toda organización basada en la superioridad de una raza o grupo de personas de un determinado color u origen étnico; declarando ilegales las actividades organizadas de propaganda, y cualquiera que promoviese la discriminación racial e incitara a ella. Un año después, el 16 de diciembre de 1966, la misma asamblea anunciaba otro pacto internacional por el que se prohibía toda propaganda en favor de la guerra, toda apología del odio nacional, racial o religioso que incitara a la discriminación, la hostilidad o la violencia. Ambos fueron aceptados y ratificados ampliamente en el panorama internacional, sin embargo, pasadas más de cuatro décadas continuamos entre cenit y nadir. Desde entonces, el panorama helvético no ha sido ajeno a las manifestaciones de superioridad y odio. Su constatable histórica hospitalidad se ha visto doblegada en los últimos años; facilitada por un lado, por el escepticismo helvético en la aceptación del Derecho Internacional, y, por otro más influyente, ante la escalada de partidos políticos ultra conservadores, que a través de sus discursos y propaganda han logrado en numerosas ocasiones doblegar la voluntad del Derecho Internacional de los Derechos Humanos y el propio nacional en contra de las minorías que consideran que desafían los valores histórico-culturales helvéticos.On December 21 of 1965, the General Assembly of the United Nations sent out an alarm signal because of the constant manifestations of racial discrimination and because of the governmental policies based on racial superiority or hatred. Result of that assembly was an agreement which condemned all propaganda and all organisations based on the superiority of one race or groups of persons of a specific skin colour or ethnic origin. It declared as illegal all organised propaganda activities, and anyone that would promote the racial discrimination and incite to it. One year later, on December 16 of 1966, the same assembly announced another international agreement by which it prohibited any propaganda for war, any advocacy of national, racial or religious hatred that incites discrimination, hostility or violence. Both were widely accepted and internationally ratified. However, more than four decades later, we still stand between Zenith and Nadir.
Also Switzerland was not immune to these manifestations of superiority and hatred. Its famous historical hospitality has been affected in recent years; on one hand, due to Swiss skepticism in accepting international law, and on the other, because of the rise of ultra conservative political parties, which, through their speeches and propaganda, have managed in numerous occasions, to incite against minorities by breaking the international law of human rights and the national law. Minorities, who they consider threatening to the Swiss cultural and historical values.06982<a class="citation_author_name" title="Browse by Author Name for Martín Herrera, David" href="/fez/list/author/Martín Herrera, David/">Martín Herrera, David</a> . (<span class="citation_date">2014</span>) <a class="citation_title" title="Click to view : Hate speech y tolerancia religiosa en el sistema helvético de democracia participativa = Hate speech and religious tolerance in the swiss participatory democracy" href="/fez/view/bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6035">Hate speech y tolerancia religiosa en el sistema helvético de democracia participativa = Hate speech and religious tolerance in the swiss participatory democracy</a>. RecordArtículo de revistaPublishedhttp://udcdata.info/021523DerechoUniversidad Nacional de Educación a Distancia (España). Facultad de Derecho. Departamento de Derecho PolíticoMartín Herrera, Davidbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6035bibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90-6035esDocumento.pdfbibliuned:DerechoPolitico-2014-90bibliuned:Setopenairebibliuned:SetarticuloRevista de derecho político. Año 2014, n. 90Set de openaireSet de artículohttp://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0Licencia Creative CommonsMartín HerreraAcceso abierto5.213953522222222222